Top Cited Articles of All Time (1993 edition)

The 40 most highly cited papers of All Time (1993 edition)

Keep in mind that citation counts can never be exact, there is something like a 5% error in most of these numbers. Please do not fret about number 32 versus 33, as this is often not a statistically significant difference. More information about citations in INSPIRE can be found here.

Also note that the counts shown, and used in the rankings, are the counts as of 2016-12-31. Further, the counts shown by the ranking are only the cites satisfying the criteria for that list. Actual citation numbers in the database may change as corrections are made and papers are added, the links will take you to the updated numbers.

Annual and All-time 1993 editions

7267 core citations up to the end of 1993PDG RPP has been unified. The most recent is shown.
Review of Particle Physics
Particle Data Group (K.A. Olive (Minnesota U.) et al.). 2014. 1676 pp.
Published in Chin.Phys. C38 (2014) 090001
DOI: 10.1088/1674-1137/38/9/090001
  1. 4803 core citations up to the end of 1993
    A Model of Leptons
    Steven Weinberg (MIT, LNS). Nov 1967. 3 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 19 (1967) 1264-1266
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.1264
  2. 2736 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Weak Interactions with Lepton-Hadron Symmetry
    S.L. Glashow, J. Iliopoulos, L. Maiani (Harvard U.). 1970. 8 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev. D2 (1970) 1285-1292
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.2.1285
    Conference: C84-05-26
  3. 2569 core citations up to the end of 1993
    CP Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction
    Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa (Kyoto U.). Feb 1973. 6 pp.
    Published in Prog.Theor.Phys. 49 (1973) 652-657
    KUNS-242
    DOI: 10.1143/PTP.49.652
  4. 2245 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Partial Symmetries of Weak Interactions
    S.L. Glashow (Copenhagen U.). 1961. 10 pp.
    Published in Nucl.Phys. 22 (1961) 579-588
    DOI: 10.1016/0029-5582(61)90469-2
  5. 2064 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Unity of All Elementary Particle Forces
    H. Georgi, S.L. Glashow (Harvard U.). Feb 1974. 4 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 32 (1974) 438-441
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.32.438
  6. 2000 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Confinement of Quarks
    Kenneth G. Wilson (Cornell U., LNS). Feb 1974. 47 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev. D10 (1974) 2445-2459
    CLNS-262
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.10.2445
    Conference: C81-06-01, p.45-59 Proceedings Contributions
  7. 1643 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Lepton Number as the Fourth Color
    Jogesh C. Pati (Maryland U.), Abdus Salam (ICTP, Trieste & Imperial Coll., London). Jan 1974. 35 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev. D10 (1974) 275-289, Erratum: Phys.Rev. D11 (1975) 703-703
    IC-74-7
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.10.275, 10.1103/PhysRevD.11.703.2
  8. 1594 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Axial vector vertex in spinor electrodynamics
    Stephen L. Adler (Princeton U.). 1969. 13 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev. 177 (1969) 2426-2438
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.177.2426
  9. 1550 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Radiative Corrections as the Origin of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
    Sidney R. Coleman, Erick J. Weinberg (Harvard U.). 1973. 23 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev. D7 (1973) 1888-1910
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.7.1888
  10. 1548 core citations up to the end of 1993
    QCD and Resonance Physics. Theoretical Foundations
    Mikhail A. Shifman, A.I. Vainshtein, Valentin I. Zakharov (Moscow, ITEP). 1978. 63 pp.
    Published in Nucl.Phys. B147 (1979) 385-447
    ITEP-73-1978, ITEP-80-1978
    DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(79)90022-1
  11. 1534 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Asymptotic Freedom in Parton Language
    Guido Altarelli (Ecole Normale Superieure), G. Parisi (IHES, Bures-sur-Yvette). Mar 1977. 21 pp.
    Published in Nucl.Phys. B126 (1977) 298-318
    LPTENS-77-6
    DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(77)90384-4
  12. 1503 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Computation of the Quantum Effects Due to a Four-Dimensional Pseudoparticle
    Gerard 't Hooft (Harvard U.). Jun 1976. 59 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev. D14 (1976) 3432-3450, Erratum: Phys.Rev. D18 (1978) 2199
    PRINT-76-0551 (HARVARD)
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.18.2199.3, 10.1103/PhysRevD.14.3432
  13. 1468 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Vacuum Configurations for Superstrings
    P. Candelas (Texas U. & Santa Barbara, KITP), Gary T. Horowitz (UC, Santa Barbara), Andrew Strominger (Princeton, Inst. Advanced Study), Edward Witten (Princeton U.). Mar 1985. 29 pp.
    Published in Nucl.Phys. B258 (1985) 46-74
    NSF-ITP-84-170
    DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(85)90602-9
  14. 1453 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Hadron Masses in a Gauge Theory
    A. De Rujula, Howard Georgi, S.L. Glashow (Harvard U.). Mar 1975. 48 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev. D12 (1975) 147-162
    PRINT-75-0182 (HARVARD)
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.12.147
  15. 1451 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Dynamical Model of Elementary Particles Based on an Analogy with Superconductivity. 1.
    Yoichiro Nambu, G. Jona-Lasinio (Chicago U., EFI). 1961. 14 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev. 122 (1961) 345-358
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.122.345
  16. 1451 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Super Collider Physics
    E. Eichten (Fermilab), I. Hinchliffe (LBL, Berkeley), Kenneth D. Lane (Ohio State U.), C. Quigg (Fermilab). Feb 1984. 550 pp.
    Published in Rev.Mod.Phys. 56 (1984) 579-707, Addendum: Rev.Mod.Phys. 58 (1986) 1065-1073
    FERMILAB-PUB-84-017-T, LBL-16875, DOE-ER-01545-345
    DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.58.1065, 10.1103/RevModPhys.56.579
  17. 1424 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Ultraviolet Behavior of Nonabelian Gauge Theories
    David J. Gross, Frank Wilczek (Princeton U.). Jun 1973. 4 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 30 (1973) 1343-1346
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.30.1343
  18. 1423 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Quantum Geometry of Bosonic Strings
    Alexander M. Polyakov (Landau Inst.). Jun 1981. 4 pp.
    Published in Phys.Lett. 103B (1981) 207-210
    Print-81-0351 (LANDAU INST)
    DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(81)90743-7
  19. 1421 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Reliable Perturbative Results for Strong Interactions?
    H.David Politzer (Harvard U.). 1973. 4 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 30 (1973) 1346-1349
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.30.1346
  20. 1405 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Infinite Conformal Symmetry in Two-Dimensional Quantum Field Theory
    A.A. Belavin, Alexander M. Polyakov (Landau Inst.), A.B. Zamolodchikov (CERN & Landau Inst.). Feb 1984. 48 pp.
    Published in Nucl.Phys. B241 (1984) 333-380
    CERN-TH-3827
    DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(84)90052-X
  21. 1378 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Symmetry Breaking Through Bell-Jackiw Anomalies
    Gerard 't Hooft (Harvard U.). Mar 1976. 11 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 37 (1976) 8-11
    PRINT-76-0254 (HARVARD)
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.37.8
  22. 1305 core citations up to the end of 1993
    The Inflationary Universe: A Possible Solution to the Horizon and Flatness Problems
    Alan H. Guth (SLAC). Jul 1980. 32 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev. D23 (1981) 347-356
    SLAC-PUB-2576
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.23.347
  23. 1277 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Pseudoparticle Solutions of the Yang-Mills Equations
    A.A. Belavin, Alexander M. Polyakov, A.S. Schwartz, Yu.S. Tyupkin (Landau Inst.). 1975. 3 pp.
    Published in Phys.Lett. 59B (1975) 85-87
    DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(75)90163-X
  24. 1266 core citations up to the end of 1993
    A New Extended Model of Hadrons
    A. Chodos, R.L. Jaffe, K. Johnson, Charles B. Thorn, V.F. Weisskopf (MIT, LNS). Mar 1974. 86 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev. D9 (1974) 3471-3495
    MIT-CTP-387-REV, MIT-CTP-387
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.9.3471
  25. 1252 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Regularization and Renormalization of Gauge Fields
    Gerard 't Hooft, M.J.G. Veltman (Utrecht U.). 1972. 25 pp.
    Published in Nucl.Phys. B44 (1972) 189-213
    DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(72)90279-9
  26. 1229 core citations up to the end of 1993
    A PCAC puzzle: pi0 --> gamma gamma in the sigma model
    J.S. Bell, R. Jackiw (CERN). 1969. 15 pp.
    Published in Nuovo Cim. A60 (1969) 47-61
    DOI: 10.1007/BF02823296
  27. 1198 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Heterotic String Theory. 1. The Free Heterotic String
    David J. Gross, Jeffrey A. Harvey, Emil J. Martinec, Ryan Rohm (Princeton U.). Jan 1985. 32 pp.
    Published in Nucl.Phys. B256 (1985) 253
    PRINT-85-0203 (PRINCETON)
    DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(85)90394-3
  28. 1184 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Magnetic Monopoles in Unified Gauge Theories
    Gerard 't Hooft (CERN). May 1974. 9 pp.
    Published in Nucl.Phys. B79 (1974) 276-284
    CERN-TH-1876
    DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(74)90486-6
  29. 1181 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Masses and Other Parameters of the Light Hadrons
    Thomas A. DeGrand, R.L. Jaffe, K. Johnson, J.E. Kiskis (MIT, LNS). Jun 1975. 61 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev. D12 (1975) 2060
    MIT-CTP-475
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.12.2060
  30. 1149 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Global Aspects of Current Algebra
    Edward Witten (Princeton U.). Mar 1983. 11 pp.
    Published in Nucl.Phys. B223 (1983) 422-432
    PRINT-83-0262 (PRINCETON)
    DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(83)90063-9
  31. 1127 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Experimental Observation of a Heavy Particle J
    E598 Collaboration (J.J. Aubert (MIT, LNS) et al.). 1974. 9 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 33 (1974) 1404-1406
    COO-3069-271
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1404
  32. 1123 core citations up to the end of 1993
    On gauge invariance and vacuum polarization
    Julian S. Schwinger (Harvard U.). 1951. 16 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev. 82 (1951) 664-679
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.82.664
  33. 1123 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions
    Abdus Salam (Imperial Coll., London & ICTP, Trieste). May 1968. 11 pp.
    Published in Conf.Proc. C680519 (1968) 367-377
    Conference: C68-05-19
  34. 1097 core citations up to the end of 1993
    QCD and Resonance Physics: Applications
    Mikhail A. Shifman, A.I. Vainshtein, Valentin I. Zakharov (Moscow, ITEP). 1978. 71 pp.
    Published in Nucl.Phys. B147 (1979) 448-518
    ITEP-94-1978, ITEP-81-1978
    DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(79)90023-3
  35. 1096 core citations up to the end of 1993
    A Planar Diagram Theory for Strong Interactions
    Gerard 't Hooft (CERN). Dec 1973. 13 pp.
    Published in Nucl.Phys. B72 (1974) 461
    CERN-TH-1786
    DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(74)90154-0
  36. 1094 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Symmetry Behavior at Finite Temperature
    L. Dolan, R. Jackiw (MIT, LNS). Mar 1973. 78 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev. D9 (1974) 3320-3341
    MIT-CTP-406
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.9.3320
  37. 1091 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Anomaly Cancellation in Supersymmetric D=10 Gauge Theory and Superstring Theory
    Michael B. Green (Queen Mary, U. of London & Caltech), John H. Schwarz (Caltech). Sep 1984. 6 pp.
    Published in Phys.Lett. 149B (1984) 117-122
    CALT-68-1182
    DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(84)91565-X
  38. 1075 core citations up to the end of 1993
    Consequences of anomalous Ward identities
    J. Wess (CERN & Karlsruhe U.), B. Zumino (CERN). 1971. 3 pp.
    Published in Phys.Lett. 37B (1971) 95-97
    DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(71)90582-X
  39. 1075 core citations up to the end of 1993
    The Heterotic String
    David J. Gross, Jeffrey A. Harvey, Emil J. Martinec, Ryan Rohm (Princeton U.). Nov 1984. 11 pp.
    Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 54 (1985) 502-505
    PRINT-85-0029 (PRINCETON)
    DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.502