{"updated":"2026-02-09T13:36:47.894407+00:00","metadata":{"publication_info":[{"year":2019,"artid":"aax9743","journal_issue":"6453","journal_title":"Science","journal_record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/journals/1214406"},"journal_volume":"365"}],"citation_count_without_self_citations":399,"citation_count":443,"core":true,"dois":[{"value":"10.1126/science.aax9743","source":"American Association for the Advancement of Science"},{"value":"10.1126/science.aax9743","source":"arXiv","material":"publication"}],"titles":[{"title":"Generation and manipulation of Schrödinger cat states in Rydberg atom arrays","source":"American Association for the Advancement of Science"},{"title":"Generation and manipulation of Schrödinger cat states in Rydberg atom arrays","source":"arXiv"}],"$schema":"https://inspirehep.net/schemas/records/hep.json","authors":[{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0002-2253-0278","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"7d55916b-c11c-4a07-a24b-5dfa4f797d8d","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/1882256"},"full_name":"Omran, Ahmed","affiliations":[{"value":"Harvard U.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/902835"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA."}]},{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0001-8270-3233","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"242b5d92-96ca-4c9a-bc77-2989bd1f0a61","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/2750722"},"full_name":"Levine, Harry","affiliations":[{"value":"Harvard U.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/902835"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA."}]},{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0003-3931-0949","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"85e1e133-be94-4229-a9f1-d0340b6369e9","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/2750723"},"full_name":"Keesling, Alexander","affiliations":[{"value":"Harvard U.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/902835"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA."}]},{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0001-9071-2279","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"97cd45a5-6542-4a7a-a5d1-ffdec939926e","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/1882255"},"full_name":"Semeghini, Giulia","affiliations":[{"value":"Harvard U.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/902835"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA."}]},{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0003-3107-2579","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"39bb3818-c92f-4595-afb6-319a8ba08612","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/1882253"},"full_name":"Wang, Tout T.","affiliations":[{"value":"Harvard U.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/902835"}},{"value":"Reed Coll.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/904165"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA."},{"value":"Department of Physics, Gordon College, Wenham, MA 01984, USA."}]},{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0003-4146-3637","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"624f0b82-fcba-4171-98e6-eaed417ef3d4","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/1882252"},"full_name":"Ebadi, Sepehr","affiliations":[{"value":"Harvard U.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/902835"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA."}]},{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0002-1950-7368","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"3d1d8ef4-0322-4ee8-81be-fcaf119277b9","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/1967508"},"full_name":"Bernien, Hannes","affiliations":[{"value":"Chicago U.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/902729"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA."}]},{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0002-3200-4351","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"7d5ea11a-29d2-47f5-8f74-740752cee431","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/2459672"},"full_name":"Zibrov, Alexander S.","affiliations":[{"value":"Harvard U.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/902835"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA."}]},{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0003-2144-536X","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"35a2b081-93c4-468f-aa8f-5ab97e05268c","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/1882258"},"full_name":"Pichler, Hannes","affiliations":[{"value":"Harvard U.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/902835"}},{"value":"Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/902836"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA."},{"value":"Institute for Theoretical Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics (ITAMP), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA."}]},{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0002-1247-062X","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"d1e97daa-3578-412a-9543-041ffaa58c29","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/1882260"},"full_name":"Choi, Soonwon","affiliations":[{"value":"UC, Berkeley","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/903299"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA."}]},{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0001-6643-7625","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"3facfb83-9bab-4887-87cb-90c62b360b0d","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/2091869"},"full_name":"Cui, Jian","affiliations":[{"value":"Julich, Forschungszentrum","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/907688"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Quantum Control (PGI-8), D-52425 Jülich, Germany."}]},{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0001-8584-0313","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"e447ebc4-25bf-44e4-a65d-15b59f60c86b","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/2617141"},"full_name":"Rossignolo, Marco","affiliations":[{"value":"Ulm U.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/906936"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Institute for Quantum Optics and Center of Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany."}]},{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0003-1405-730X","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"3827e099-75fe-4ab6-8625-df99942284d6","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/1975732"},"full_name":"Rembold, Phila","affiliations":[{"value":"Julich, Forschungszentrum","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/907688"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Quantum Control (PGI-8), D-52425 Jülich, Germany."}]},{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0002-8882-2169","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"3581f44e-774b-4171-9482-0b4fd503d3eb","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/1953270"},"full_name":"Montangero, Simone","affiliations":[{"value":"INFN, Padua","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/902884"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università degli Studi di Padova and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), I-35131 Padova, Italy."}]},{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0001-5364-7316","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"eb88b988-6fab-44e1-b729-461a73b0a585","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/1975733"},"full_name":"Calarco, Tommaso","affiliations":[{"value":"Julich, Forschungszentrum","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/907688"}},{"value":"Cologne U.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/902745"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Quantum Control (PGI-8), D-52425 Jülich, Germany."},{"value":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, D-50937 Cologne, Germany."}]},{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0002-4461-224X","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"9032ada8-66ee-4039-8af5-ea2cd244c53e","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/2787332"},"full_name":"Endres, Manuel","affiliations":[{"value":"Caltech","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/902711"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA."}]},{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0002-2935-2363","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"5c00b8fe-b561-4125-bb46-506771f44d78","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/1882261"},"full_name":"Greiner, Markus","affiliations":[{"value":"Harvard U.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/902835"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA."}]},{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0002-9786-0538","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"1d9f9732-ed50-4eb0-af5c-ee262f6d1dc3","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/1882262"},"full_name":"Vuletić, Vladan","affiliations":[{"value":"MIT","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/907455"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA."}]},{"ids":[{"value":"0000-0002-8658-1007","schema":"ORCID"}],"uuid":"3b5d2a0b-b741-473c-84d1-fd270aff0d20","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/1882263"},"full_name":"Lukin, Mikhail D.","affiliations":[{"value":"Harvard U.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/902835"}}],"raw_affiliations":[{"value":"Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA."}]}],"curated":true,"figures":[{"key":"9f085a0d13383ac19973cb4e6341deac","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/9f085a0d13383ac19973cb4e6341deac","label":"fig:Fig1","source":"arxiv","caption":"Experimental scheme and entanglement procedure. \\textbf{A,} $^{87}{\\rm Rb}$ atoms initially in a ground state $\\left|0\\right\\rangle=\\left|5S_{1/2},F=2,m_F=-2\\right\\rangle$ are coupled to a Rydberg state $\\left|1\\right\\rangle=\\left|70S_{1/2}, m_J=-1/2\\right\\rangle$ by a light field with a coupling strength $\\Omega/(2\\pi)\\leq 5\\,$MHz and a variable detuning $\\Delta$. Local addressing beams at $840\\,$nm target the edge atoms, reducing the energy of $\\left|0\\right\\rangle$ at those sites by a light shift $\\delta_e$. \\textbf{B,} Many-body energy gap spectrum of $N=8$ atoms, including energy shifts on the edge atoms. For positive detuning, the states with one ground state atom on the edges are favored over states with a Rydberg atom on both edges. An adiabatic pathway connects the state $\\left|G_N\\right\\rangle=\\left|000\\cdots\\right\\rangle$ with the two GHZ components. Gray lines in the spectrum are energies associated with antisymmetric states, which are not coupled to the initial state by Hamiltonian~(2). \\textbf{C,} Method to control the phase $\\phi$ of GHZ states. Every other site of the array is illuminated with a local addressing beam at $420\\,$nm, which imposes a negative differential light shift $\\delta_p$ on the $\\left|0\\right\\rangle$-to-$\\left|1\\right\\rangle$ transition. The offset in state $\\left|0101\\cdots\\right\\rangle$ relative to $\\left|1010\\cdots\\right\\rangle$ leads to an evolving dynamical phase.","filename":"Figure1.png","material":"preprint"},{"key":"d8086de00d50654ef8855abdc95b695f","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/d8086de00d50654ef8855abdc95b695f","label":"fig:Fig2","source":"arxiv","caption":"Characterization of a $20$-atom GHZ state. \\textbf{A,} Probability of observing different patterns, showing a large population of the two target patterns out of $2^{20}=1,048,576$ possible states. Shown here are the raw measured values (blue bars) and the populations inferred by using maximum likelihood estimation (orange bars) for the two target states. (Insets) fluorescence images of the two target patterns, where red circles mark empty sites corresponding to atoms in state $\\left|1\\right\\rangle$. \\textbf{B,} Optimal control pulse used for state preparation. \\textbf{C,} Parity oscillations produced by acquiring a relative phase between the GHZ components. We apply a staggered field with a shift of $\\delta_p/(2\\pi)=\\pm3.8\\,$MHz on all sites, followed by an operation $\\mathcal{U}_x$ so that subsequent parity measurements are sensitive to $\\phi$~\\cite{SOM}. From the population measurement and the oscillation amplitude, we infer a lower bound on the $20$-atom GHZ fidelity of $\\mathcal{F}\\geq0.542(18)$. Error bars denote $68\\%$ confidence intervals.","filename":"Figure2.png","material":"preprint"},{"key":"0ef228ef809225448c53aa2057f09b18","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/0ef228ef809225448c53aa2057f09b18","label":"fig:Fig3","source":"arxiv","caption":"Quantifying entanglement for different system sizes. \\textbf{A,} Parity oscillations measured on different system sizes. We apply a staggered field with a shift of $\\delta_p/(2\\pi)=\\pm3.8\\,$MHz on all sites and observe a scaling of the phase accumulation rate proportional to the system size $N$. \\textbf{B}, Inferred GHZ fidelity for different system sizes (orange circles)~\\cite{SOM}. Blue diamonds show the result of simulations that account for dephasing during state preparation, decay from off-resonant photon scattering, and imperfect detection of coherence through parity oscillations~\\cite{SOM}. Pale blue triangles show identical simulations for the initial guess pulses for the RedCRAB optimization, consisting of a $T=1.1\\,\\mu$s linear detuning sweep and $\\Omega(t) = \\Omega_{\\rm max}[1 - \\cos^{12}(\\pi t/T)]$. The gray shaded area marks a region not measurable with our parity observable~\\cite{SOM}. \\textbf{C}, Lifetime of the GHZ state coherence. For all system sizes $N$, we measure the state parity after a variable delay following the GHZ state preparation, which (inset) decays to zero. We fit the individual parity data to the tail of a Gaussian decay curve because we assume that the dephasing started during state preparation - before $\\tau=0$. The gray line shows a theoretical prediction with no free parameters, accounting for known dephasing mechanisms in our system.","filename":"Figure3.png","material":"preprint"},{"key":"f851ab911d0a8c10a6ade8cde6cff257","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/f851ab911d0a8c10a6ade8cde6cff257","label":"fig:Fig4","source":"arxiv","caption":"Demonstration of entanglement distribution. \\textbf{A,} Experimental protocol for $N=8$. Edge atoms are addressed by light shift beams, and a reverse sweep of the Rydberg laser detuning is performed to disentangle the bulk of the array, leaving a Bell state $\\left|\\Psi^+\\right\\rangle\\propto\\left|1\\cdots0\\right\\rangle+\\left|0\\cdots1\\right\\rangle$ on the edge. A $\\pi/2$ pulse resonant only with the edge atoms is applied to convert the state $\\left|\\Psi^+\\right\\rangle$ to $\\left|\\Phi^+\\right\\rangle\\propto\\left|0\\cdots0\\right\\rangle+\\left|1\\cdots1\\right\\rangle$. \\textbf{B,} Measured Rydberg populations on each site after entanglement distribution. (Inset) Probabilities for different patterns on the edge atoms, which are consistent with the Bell state $\\left|\\Phi^+\\right\\rangle$. Blue bars show the raw data, while orange bars are the statistically inferred probabilities given our detection errors. \\textbf{C,} Measurement of the Bell state coherence. GHZ entanglement is distributed to the edges, and a $\\pi/2$ pulse is applied at laser phase $\\phi=0$, followed by a second $\\pi/2$ pulse at varying phase $\\phi$. The amplitude of the parity oscillation provides a lower bound on the coherence of the Bell state, yielding a fidelity of $\\mathcal{F}\\geq0.605(13)$.","filename":"Figure4.png","material":"preprint"},{"key":"33dcb11fedf19205c51636c5d94131c5","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/33dcb11fedf19205c51636c5d94131c5","label":"fig:FigureSI1","source":"arxiv","caption":"RedCRAB optimization loop. The remote dCRAB server generates and transmits a trial set of controls to the user, who evaluates the corresponding performance in terms of a FoM and sends the feedback information to the server, concluding one iteration loop. In the next loop, the server tends to generate an improved set of controls based on previous feedback information. The optimization continues until it converges. The FoM evaluation can be achieved either by numerical calculation (open-loop optimization) or experimental measurement (closed-loop optimization).","filename":"FigureSI1.png","material":"preprint"},{"key":"f929b6e1189c4361fd01a25dc237289a","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/f929b6e1189c4361fd01a25dc237289a","label":"fig:FigureSI2","source":"arxiv","caption":"Optimal control pulse diagrams. Shown are the Rabi frequency (top) and detuning profiles (bottom) for the different system sizes investigated here.","filename":"FigureSI2.png","material":"preprint"},{"key":"b6472b24573017f049d2b4681dff166f","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/b6472b24573017f049d2b4681dff166f","label":"fig:FigureSI3","source":"arxiv","caption":"Comparison of ramping profile fidelities. Comparison of linear ramps (blue) to optimized adiabatic ramps (orange) for $N=12$ as a function of the total ramp time $T$. The optimal control pulse used in the experiment takes $T=1.1~\\mu$s and achieves a higher fidelity than either the linear ramp or the optimized adiabatic ramp.","filename":"FigureSI3.png","material":"preprint"},{"key":"354d3dcbd9753262d3024d82a63e3cfe","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/354d3dcbd9753262d3024d82a63e3cfe","label":"fig:FigureSI4","source":"arxiv","caption":"Dynamics of an optimized 20-atom GHZ state preparation. \\textbf{A,} Optimized control parameters $\\Omega(t)$ and $\\Delta(t)$ for $N=20$ atoms. \\textbf{B,} Energy eigenvalues of instantaneous eigenstates of the Hamiltonian relative to the ground state energy. The population in each energy eigenstate is color coded on a logarithmic scale. Light gray points correspond to populations smaller than $0.01$. \\textbf{C,} Probability in each instantaneous eigenstate as the initial state evolves under the time-dependent Hamiltonian. The probability is dominated by the ground state and a few excited states. The time evolution is computed by exact numerical integration of Schr\\\"odinger’s equation, and 100 lowest energy eigenstates are obtained by using Krylov subspace method algorithms. For computational efficiency, we only consider the even parity sector of the Hamiltonian with no more than three nearest neighboring Rydberg excitations owing to the Rydberg blockade.","filename":"FigureSI4.png","material":"preprint"},{"key":"9e649669fdd41d6b43e1f021fc424ca0","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/9e649669fdd41d6b43e1f021fc424ca0","label":"fig:FigureSI5","source":"arxiv","caption":"Quantifying detection errors. \\textbf{A,} Measurement of the recaptured Rydberg atoms in the ground state (blue points) and in the $F=1$ ground-state manifold (orange points) as a function of the tweezer depth upon recapture. \\textbf{B,} Recaptured populations in all ground state levels. The intersection with the horizontal axis gives an estimate of the atoms that were not excited to the Rydberg state, bounding the $\\pi$ pulse fidelity.","filename":"FigureSI5.png","material":"preprint"},{"key":"5734200e5bc3d0e62319cb0df0f271a1","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/5734200e5bc3d0e62319cb0df0f271a1","label":"fig:FigureSI6","source":"arxiv","caption":"Inference of parity and populations. \\textbf{A,} Histogram of observed patterns after preparing a 20-atom GHZ state. Open circles denote atoms in $\\left|0\\right\\rangle$ and filled circles denote atoms in state $\\left|1\\right\\rangle$. Blue domains mark regions where a single detection error has likely occurred, since such patterns are energetically costly at large positive detuning of the Rydberg laser. Red domains mark true domain walls, where the antiferromagnetic order is broken. Following the correct GHZ patterns, the 14 most observed patterns are consistent with a single detection error. \\textbf{B,} Distribution of number of excitations measured for two different times of the parity oscillation for a 20-atom array, with the upper (lower) plot at $\\phi=0$ ($\\phi=\\pi/20$) of phase accumulation per atom, showing a net positive (negative) parity. Blue bars show directly measured values, orange bars show the statistically inferred parent distribution, and red bars denote the parent distribution after adding simulated errors to compare to the raw data. \\textbf{C,} Staggered magnetization $M_n$ extracted from the measurement of GHZ populations for 20 atoms. The vertically split bars with different shading denote different occurrences of number of excitations.","filename":"FigureSI6.png","material":"preprint"},{"key":"a1780f1268808540ce9981b7cb795275","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/a1780f1268808540ce9981b7cb795275","label":"fig:FigureSI7","source":"arxiv","caption":"Density-density correlations for a $20$-atom GHZ state. \\textbf{A}, We evaluate the correlation function $g^{(2)}(i,j) = \\left\\langle n_i n_j\\right\\rangle - \\left\\langle n_i\\right\\rangle\\left\\langle n_j\\right\\rangle$ and observe strong correlations of Rydberg excitations across the entire system. \\textbf{B}, The density-density correlations over distance, given by $g^{(2)}(d) \\propto \\sum_i g^{(2)}(i,i+d)$ decay only very slowly throughout the array.","filename":"FigureSI7.png","material":"preprint"},{"key":"9b36537f502cd59fca6b2096b9870577","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/9b36537f502cd59fca6b2096b9870577","label":"fig:FigureSI8","source":"arxiv","caption":"Parity signal measured as a function of the time the operation $\\mathcal{U}_x$ is applied. The total time includes delays in the AOM response and the finite laser pulse rise time.","filename":"FigureSI8.png","material":"preprint"},{"key":"29fe56d1db0cc1879227f2fdc10aedd1","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/29fe56d1db0cc1879227f2fdc10aedd1","label":"fig:FigureSI9","source":"arxiv","caption":"Phase accumulation measured on an array of 20 sites. The left panel demonstrates application of a negative staggered field by applying local addressing beams on the odd sites in the array. The right panel shows a positive staggered field by instead applying local addressing beams on the even sites in the array. Phase is accumulated on each site at a rate of $2\\pi \\times 3.8~$MHz.","filename":"FigureSI9.png","material":"preprint"}],"license":[{"url":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","license":"arXiv nonexclusive-distrib 1.0","material":"preprint"}],"texkeys":["Omran:2019unq"],"citeable":true,"imprints":[{"date":"2019-08-09"}],"refereed":true,"abstracts":[{"value":"Quantum entanglement involving coherent superpositions of macroscopically distinct states is among the most striking features of quantum theory, but its realization is challenging because such states are extremely fragile. Using a programmable quantum simulator based on neutral atom arrays with interactions mediated by Rydberg states, we demonstrate the creation of “Schrödinger cat” states of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) type with up to 20 qubits. Our approach is based on engineering the energy spectrum and using optimal control of the many-body system. We further demonstrate entanglement manipulation by using GHZ states to distribute entanglement to distant sites in the array, establishing important ingredients for quantum information processing and quantum metrology.","source":"American Association for the Advancement of Science"},{"value":"Quantum entanglement involving coherent superpositions of macroscopically distinct states is among the most striking features of quantum theory, but its realization is challenging, since such states are extremely fragile. Using a programmable quantum simulator based on neutral atom arrays with interactions mediated by Rydberg states, we demonstrate the deterministic generation of 'Schrödinger cat' states of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) type with up to 20 qubits. Our approach is based on engineering the energy spectrum and using optimal control of the many-body system. We further demonstrate entanglement manipulation by using GHZ states to distribute entanglement to distant sites in the array, establishing important ingredients for quantum information processing and quantum metrology.","source":"arXiv"}],"references":[{"raw_refs":[{"value":"[1] D. M. Greenberger, M. A. Horne, A. Zeilinger, in Bell’s Theorem, Quantum Theory and Conceptions of the Universe, M. Kafatos, Ed. (Springer 1989), pp. 69–72.","schema":"text"}],"reference":{"misc":["in Bell’s Theorem, Quantum Theory and Conceptions of the Universe, M","Kafatos, Ed","pp. 69-72"],"label":"1","authors":[{"full_name":"Greenberger, D.M."},{"full_name":"Horne, M.A."},{"full_name":"Zeilinger, A."}],"imprint":{"publisher":"Springer"},"publication_info":{"year":1989}}},{"record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/1693463"},"raw_refs":[{"value":"[2] L. Pezzè, A. Smerzi, M. K. Oberthaler, R. Schmied, P. Treutlein, Quantum metrology with nonclassical states of atomic ensembles. Rev. Mod. 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