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This is done on the basis of the microscopic Verlinde-like entropic force advanced in [Physica A {\\bf 511} (2018) 139], that deviates from the Newton's form at extremely short distances.","abstract_source_suggest":{"input":"arXiv"}}],"primary_arxiv_category":["physics.gen-ph"],"titles":[{"source":"arXiv","title":"An Entropic Force Schrödinger mechanism for Dark Matter generation"}],"curated":true},"links":{"bibtex":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/1728802?format=bibtex","latex-eu":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/1728802?format=latex-eu","latex-us":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/1728802?format=latex-us","json":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/1728802?format=json","json-expanded":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/1728802?format=json-expanded","cv":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/1728802?format=cv","citations":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/?q=refersto%3Arecid%3A1728802"},"created":"2019-04-09T00:00:00+00:00","updated":"2023-03-06T16:50:32.606496+00:00","id":"1728802"},{"metadata":{"citation_count_without_self_citations":1,"authors":[{"raw_affiliations":[{"source":"APS","value":"Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, P-1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"affiliations_identifiers":[{"schema":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86"}],"full_name_unicode_normalized":"lourenço, maria i.r.","full_name":"Lourenço, Maria I.R.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/3118968"},"ids":[{"schema":"ORCID","value":"0009-0001-6897-2266"},{"schema":"INSPIRE BAI","value":"M.I.R.Lourenco.1"}],"last_name":"Lourenço","first_name":"Maria I.R.","uuid":"b99fa796-38b3-43eb-a21d-d90e994a9b30","recid":3118968},{"raw_affiliations":[{"source":"APS","value":"College Farm, The Town, South Newington, Banbury OX15 4JG, United Kingdom"}],"affiliations_identifiers":[{"schema":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/052gg0110"}],"full_name_unicode_normalized":"barbour, julian","full_name":"Barbour, Julian","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/1058373"},"ids":[{"schema":"INSPIRE BAI","value":"Julian.B.Barbour.1"}],"last_name":"Barbour","first_name":"Julian","uuid":"5f3df3d3-3c07-4fcd-a915-70111ace8997","recid":1058373},{"raw_affiliations":[{"source":"APS","value":"Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, P-1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"source":"APS","value":"Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, P-1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"affiliations_identifiers":[{"schema":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86"}],"full_name_unicode_normalized":"lobo, francisco s.n.","full_name":"Lobo, Francisco S.N.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/1024546"},"ids":[{"schema":"ORCID","value":"0000-0002-9388-8373"},{"schema":"INSPIRE BAI","value":"Francisco.S.N.Lobo.1"}],"last_name":"Lobo","first_name":"Francisco S.N.","uuid":"9f00b40a-972e-4e54-8f4e-f7cf809c7da5","recid":1024546}],"publication_info":[{"journal_volume":"113","pubinfo_freetext":"Phys. 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We applied a rainbow color scale, where particles shift from red to purple as their distance to the nearest-neighbor decreases.","label":"fig3","source":"arxiv","key":"f2f71c8fe59c0184d1b6ac1e1b79a305","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/f2f71c8fe59c0184d1b6ac1e1b79a305"},{"filename":"NN_Rcm.png","material":"preprint","caption":"A plot of the nearest-neighbor distance as a function of the distance to the center of mass for the 1000-particle CC roughly $1.5\\%$ above the absolute minimum of $V$. Note that the configuration is a static CC (equilibrium in shape space), therefore the plot represents a time-independent state, not a transient snapshot.","label":"fig4","source":"arxiv","key":"972d58ca9e34b6c7c1de8370432eef6f","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/972d58ca9e34b6c7c1de8370432eef6f"},{"filename":"filaments.png","material":"preprint","caption":"The previous 1000-particle CC roughly $1.5\\%$ above the absolute minimum of $V$. A rainbow color scale is used to encode filament density, defined as the inverse of the mean nearest-neighbor distance, with purple indicating higher densities and red lower densities. Noise particles are shown in gray.","label":"fig5","source":"arxiv","key":"c4eb144a905f2c2b8fc51c02eaa6fa8d","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/c4eb144a905f2c2b8fc51c02eaa6fa8d"}],"inspire_categories":[{"term":"Gravitation and Cosmology","source":"arxiv"},{"term":"Other","source":"arxiv"}],"first_author":{"affiliations_identifiers":[{"schema":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86"}],"full_name":"Lourenço, Maria I.R.","ids":[{"schema":"ORCID","value":"0009-0001-6897-2266"},{"schema":"INSPIRE BAI","value":"M.I.R.Lourenco.1"}],"last_name":"Lourenço","first_name":"Maria I.R.","recid":3118968},"control_number":3122134,"dois":[{"material":"publication","source":"APS","value":"10.1103/dgnr-kgdw"},{"material":"publication","source":"arXiv","value":"10.1103/dgnr-kgdw"}],"document_type":["article"],"texkeys":["Lourenco:2026lbr"],"abstracts":[{"source":"APS","value":"This work investigates the geometrical properties of self-gravitating N-body systems from the perspective established by Henri Poincaré and Albert Einstein concerning the operational nature of measured geometry. Utilizing recent numerical analyses of central configurations (special equilibrium solutions to the Newtonian N-body problem), we uncover systematic spatial variations in nearest-neighbor particle separations correlated with the radial distance from the system’s center of mass. We argue that these variations reflect a context-dependent, emergent effective geometry shaped by gravitational interactions, in accordance with Poincaré’s assertion that measured geometry depends on the forces influencing measuring devices, and Einstein’s view that rods and clocks define physical geometry through their local dynamics. By revisiting these foundational insights within a modern computational framework, we provide evidence that geometry in self-gravitating Newtonian systems is not a fixed background but an emergent construct arising from internal physical interactions.","abstract_source_suggest":{"input":"APS"}},{"source":"arXiv","value":"This work investigates the geometrical properties of self-gravitating $N$-body systems from the perspective established by Henri Poincaré and Albert Einstein concerning the operational nature of measured geometry. Utilizing recent numerical analyses of central configurations--special equilibrium solutions to the Newtonian $N$-body problem--we uncover systematic spatial variations in nearest-neighbor particle separations correlated with the radial distance from the system's center of mass. We argue that these variations reflect a context-dependent, emergent effective geometry shaped by gravitational interactions, in accordance with Poincaré's assertion that measured geometry depends on the forces influencing measuring devices, and Einstein's view that rods and clocks define physical geometry through their local dynamics. By revisiting these foundational insights within a modern computational framework, we provide evidence that geometry in self-gravitating Newtonian systems is not a fixed background, but an emergent construct arising from internal physical interactions.","abstract_source_suggest":{"input":"arXiv"}}],"primary_arxiv_category":["gr-qc"],"titles":[{"source":"APS","title":"Emergence of measured geometry in self-gravitating systems"},{"source":"arXiv","title":"The Emergence of Measured Geometry in Self-Gravitating Systems"}],"imprints":[{"date":"2026-05-15"}],"curated":false},"links":{"bibtex":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/3122134?format=bibtex","latex-eu":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/3122134?format=latex-eu","latex-us":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/3122134?format=latex-us","json":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/3122134?format=json","json-expanded":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/3122134?format=json-expanded","cv":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/3122134?format=cv","citations":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/?q=refersto%3Arecid%3A3122134"},"created":"2026-02-23T04:06:58.652874+00:00","updated":"2026-05-30T04:07:46.697559+00:00","id":"3122134"},{"metadata":{"citation_count_without_self_citations":0,"authors":[{"affiliations_identifiers":[{"schema":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/02be6w209"},{"schema":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/05eva6s33"}],"full_name_unicode_normalized":"organtini, giovanni","full_name":"Organtini, Giovanni","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/994796"},"ids":[{"schema":"INSPIRE BAI","value":"G.Organtini.1"}],"last_name":"Organtini","affiliations":[{"record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/903168"},"value":"Rome U."},{"record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/902887"},"value":"INFN, Rome"}],"signature_block":"ORGANTANg","first_name":"Giovanni","uuid":"72ac1a29-9710-492b-8a45-5cb08600c04a","recid":994796}],"citation_count":0,"citeable":true,"$schema":"https://inspirehep.net/schemas/records/hep.json","keywords":[{"schema":"INSPIRE","value":"angular momentum"},{"schema":"INSPIRE","value":"Higgs particle"},{"schema":"INSPIRE","value":"Unruh effect"},{"schema":"INSPIRE","value":"holography"},{"schema":"INSPIRE","value":"gauge boson: exchange"},{"schema":"INSPIRE","value":"photon: exchange"}],"references":[{"reference":{"arxiv_eprint":"hep-th/9409089","publication_info":{"journal_volume":"36","artid":"6377","page_start":"6377","journal_title":"J.Math.Phys."}},"curated_relation":false,"record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/376940"}},{"reference":{"arxiv_eprint":"gr-qc/9310006","publication_info":{"journal_volume":"11","artid":"621","page_start":"621","journal_title":"Class.Quant.Grav."}},"curated_relation":false,"record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/358938"}},{"reference":{"arxiv_eprint":"1001.0785","publication_info":{"journal_volume":"04","artid":"029","year":2011,"page_start":"029","journal_title":"JHEP"}},"curated_relation":false,"record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/841876"}}],"number_of_pages":10,"referenced_authors_bais":["B.F.Whiting.1","G.tHooft.1","C.R.Stephens.1","E.P.Verlinde.1","L.Susskind.1"],"legacy_version":"20160326175317.0","inspire_categories":[{"term":"General Physics"}],"legacy_creation_date":"2011-02-21","preprint_date":"2011-02","author_count":1,"first_author":{"full_name":"Organtini, Giovanni","last_name":"Organtini","first_name":"Giovanni","recid":994796},"control_number":890284,"earliest_date":"2011-02","document_type":["article"],"texkeys":["Organtini:2011np"],"abstracts":[{"source":"arXiv","value":"In this paper we show the consequences of a principle, according to which the dynamics of the Universe must not depend on the number of the particles of which it is composed. The validity of such a principle lead us to the conclusion that inertia and intrinsic angular momenta are deeply interrelated between them. In particular, assuming the principles outlined in the paper, matter must be composed by fermions, all stable bosons must be vectors and massless and no scalar particles can exist in the Universe. We also apply the results to the holographic principle and found established results more naturally with respect to previous approaches as well as new predictions about the Unruh effect.","abstract_source_suggest":{"input":"arXiv"}}],"primary_arxiv_category":["physics.gen-ph"],"titles":[{"title":"On the possible connection between inertia and intrinsic angular momenta and its consequences"},{"source":"arXiv","title":"On the possible connection between inertia and intrinsic angular momenta and its consequences"}],"external_system_identifiers":[{"schema":"SPIRES","value":"SPIRES-8977100"}],"facet_author_name":["994796_Giovanni Organtini"],"core":true,"_oai":{"sets":["Literature"],"id":"oai:inspirehep.net:890284","updated":"2023-03-06T13:53:57.549172"},"curated":true,"arxiv_eprints":[{"categories":["physics.gen-ph"],"value":"1102.3600"}]},"links":{"bibtex":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/890284?format=bibtex","latex-eu":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/890284?format=latex-eu","latex-us":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/890284?format=latex-us","json":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/890284?format=json","json-expanded":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/890284?format=json-expanded","cv":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/890284?format=cv","citations":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/?q=refersto%3Arecid%3A890284"},"created":"2011-02-21T00:00:00+00:00","updated":"2023-03-06T13:53:57.549172+00:00","id":"890284"},{"metadata":{"citation_count_without_self_citations":0,"authors":[{"full_name_unicode_normalized":"maes, stephane h.","full_name":"Maes, Stephane H.","curated_relation":true,"record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/2166685"},"ids":[{"schema":"INSPIRE BAI","value":"S.Maes.1"}],"last_name":"Maes","signature_block":"Ms","first_name":"Stephane H.","uuid":"afa91fd2-3b01-48ef-a9cd-eb83794226eb","recid":2166685}],"publication_info":[{"year":2020}],"citation_count":3,"documents":[{"filename":"fulltext.pdf","attachment":{"content":"Explaining Dark Matter Without New Physics? \n\nStephane H. Maes1 \n\nJune 21, 2020 (updated) \n\nAbstract: \n\nIn a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, \ngravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles or regions. When applied to astrophysics, these effects \nare analogous to additional matter within or around galaxies. This way, we recover behaviors that match expected \nand observed effects when dark matter would be present or missing. No New Physics is introduced in terms of new \nparticles beyond the Standard Model or modifying long range gravity: only the modeling of gravity as emerging \nfrom entanglement, in a multi-fold universe. \n____ \n\n1. Introduction\n\nThe new preprint [1] proposes contributions to several open problems in physics like the reconciliation of General \nRelativity (GR) with Quantum Physics, explaining the origin of gravity proposed as emerging from quantum (EPR - \nEinstein Podolsky Rosen) entanglement between particles, detailing contributions to dark matter and dark energy \nand explaining other Standard Model mysteries without requiring New Physics beyond the Standard Model other \nthan the addition of gravity to the Standard Model Lagrangian. All this is achieved in a multi-fold universe that may \nwell model our real universe, which remains to be validated. \n\nWith the proposed model of [1], spacetime and Physics are modeled from Planck scales to quantum and \nmacroscopic scales and semi classical approaches appear valid till very small scales. In [1], it is argued that \nspacetime is discrete, with a random walk-based fractal structure, fractional and noncommutative at, and above, \nPlanck scales (with a 2-D behavior and Lorentz invariance preserved by random walks till the early moments of the \nuniverse). Spacetime results from past random walks of particles. Spacetime locations and particles can be \nmodeled as microscopic blackholes (Schwarzschild for photons and spacetime coordinates, and metrics between \nReisner Nordstrom [2] and Kerr Newman [3] for massive and possibly charged particles – the latter being possibly \nextremal). Although surprising, [1] recovers results consistent with other like [4], while also being able to justify the \ninitial assumptions of black holes from the gravity or entanglement model. The resulting gravity model recovers \nGeneral Relativity at larger scale, as a 4-D process, with massless gravity, but also with massive gravity components \nat very small scale that make gravity significant at these scales. Semi-classical models also work well till way \nsmaller scales than usually expected. \n\nIn this paper, we remain at a high level of discussion of the analysis and references are generic for the subjects. It \nmakes the points accessible to a wider audience and keeps the door open to further papers or discussions devoted \nto details of interest. Yet, it requires the reader to review [1], as we do not revisit here all the details of the multi-\nfold mechanism or reconstruction of spacetime. More targeted references for all the material discussed here are \ncompiled in [1]. \n\n2. Attractive Potential Between Entangled particles\n\n1 shmaes.physics@gmail.com \n\nCite as: Stephane H Maes, (2020), ”Explaining Dark Matter Without New Physics?”, viXra:2007.0006v1, \nhttps://vixra.org/pdf/2007.0006v1.pdf or https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/2020/06/19/explaining-dark-\nenergy-small-cosmological-constant-and-inflation-without-new-physics/, June 21, 2020.\n\nmailto:shmaes.physics@gmail.com\n\n\nThe key proposal in [1] is a mechanism of multi-folds designed to address the EPR paradox. It is shown that, with \nsuch a mechanism, (EPR) entanglement creates an attractive potential between entangled particles that behaves \nlike gravity. \n \nWhen involving virtual particles emitted around a source of energy, we recover GR equations (and the Hilbert \nEinstein action) at classical (and semi-classical scales). At very small scales, there are additional contributions of \nmassive virtual particles that generate additional contributions. \n \nEntanglements between particles create additional contributions expected to behave like additional gravity \ncontributions or fluctuations that we expect to see for example near macroscopically entangled material like \nsuperconductors [10]. \n \n\nThe effective potentials can be seen as in ∝ \n1\n\n𝑟2 (or in \n1\n\n𝑟\n when it can be integrated over a region (uncertainty region \n\nor bundle of entangled particles. For Gravity, the integration goes over [r,∞), for all the previous sent virtual pairs), \nwhere r is the distance between particle and center of mass or source). \n \nThe effects due to entanglement are very small in general at macroscopic scales; yet, just like for gravity, they add \nup when considering the combined effect across a galaxy. \n\n3. The Dark matter problem \n \nIt has been extensively shown that dark matter, i.e. matter that has mass or energy and interacts with other \nmatter only (or mostly) through gravity (at least long range), is required to explain behavior of the universe, in \nparticular the rotational velocities of most galaxies [5,6]. Without dark matter, they would disintegrate, \nconsidering the amount of normal matter observed or modeled. Dark matter is expected to constitute 85% of the \ntotal matter in the universe. Many models confirm its existence with good consistency across the methods used to \nestimate or validate its effects. \n \nToday, however, Physics cannot account for, or explain, the origin of dark matter. Proposed tentative solutions (to \nexplain or avoid dark matter) range from changes to gravity with for examples modifications of the long-range \nbehavior of (newton) gravity (e.g. MOND), large scale massive gravity versions of GR, additional long range bulk \nspacetime entanglement effects2 in (entropic) gravity models, or proposing actual candidates for dark matter like \nblack holes or particles most of the time new and associated to New Physics (see [5] for an overview). \n \nDark energy is another mysterious content of our universe [6,7]. [8] shows how the multi-fold mechanisms \nproposed in [1] can contribute to an explanation of the dark energy. \n\n4. EPR Entanglement in Multi-fold Universe: A Source for Dark Matter \n \nIn [1], entangled EPR pairs create attractive gravity like potential in between them towards the center of mass of \nthese particles (and variations for multi-partite, nonhierarchical, entanglement). \n \nVirtual pairs emitted by energy or matter contribute to gravity with the model of [1]. Any other entanglement \nbetween particles, especially real particle entanglement, is not counted in conventional gravity. These \nentanglements appear as additional gravity contributions. \n \n\n \n2 These notions, as proposed in [11,12], are fundamentally different effects from what is proposed in [1]. [1] \nconsiders effects between particles. Entropic bulk entanglement are postulated as statistical effects between \nspacetime regions. Of course, [1] may be an enabler or an explanation for such effect; or not. It does not really \nmatter within the scope of this paper. \n\n\n\nEntanglement can be, as shown in figure 1: \n\n• (1) Between particles emitted by stellar or other objects and these objects. \n\n• (2) Between pairs of entangled particles moving in opposite directions. \n\n• (3) Between surrounding matter or particles entangled with the above. \n \n\nFigure 1: It illustrates how the different entanglements cases, discussed in the text, appear as dark matter with \nattraction towards the galaxy center and mass in the center or in halos. Green circles represent center of masses. \n \nIn all cases, the sources or centers of mass are located within the galaxy (especially in the center) and in \nsurrounding halos. It matches the models for dark matter. The effect is a combination of cold and hot dark matter, \nbut it always appear as cold matter. The dominant contributing particles involved in entanglement are photons \nand neutrinos. Of course, other cosmic radiations also contribute. \n \nIt is also well known that dark matter present some challenges for conventional explanations based on modified \ngravity or on particles because there are cases of galaxies where no or very little dark matter is inferred (See [9] for \nan example – more references can be found in [1]). It is hard to explain gravity laws or particles that would be \nsometimes be modified or sometimes be there; but not always. \n \nIt is not a problem with the multi-folds mechanism of [1]. \n \n\nFigure 2: In globular cases, with enough matter surrounding, entanglement may be destroyed before it has the \ndesired effects, therefore giving the impression of missing dark matter. \n \n\n\n\nIn the model of [1], if matter is distributed (e.g. Globular galaxy – see Figure 2) in a way that intercept most \nparticles early and disentangle them on their way out of a galaxy region, the effect weakens or disappears… It \nmatches the few galaxy examples that miss dark matter. \n \nThis model and explanation is therefore able to account for dark matter, at least partially (till quantitatively \nestimated), and that is qualitatively consistent with observations; including when dark matter would be observed \nas missing. \n \nThe arguments in [1] are only qualitative, not yet quantitative. More work is needed to see if quantitative \nestimates make sense and may suffice to explain dark energy. Of course, other effects can also play along. \n \nAlso, this analysis is for a Multi-fold universe as in [1]. [1] details arguments and ways to check its relationship with \nthe real universe. Besides properties that can be experimentally verified (in the future because of the macroscopic \nweakness of gravity and gravity like effects for entangled systems), [1] shows how the multi-fold mechanisms and \nbehaviors are in many aspects in today’s conventional physics, that, at times, anticipates the behaviors modeled of \na multi-fold universe. In addition, [1] explains many results obtained in gravity, quantum mechanics, General \nRelativity, superstring theory, Loop Quantum Gravity and the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture. All these works \nattempt to come up with models for the real universe. It is at least a good sign that [1] may provide an interesting \nmodel of the real universe. \n \nOur proposal has no equivalent or variations for a non multi-fold universe: the source of dark matter effects come \ndirectly from the multi-folds mechanism as proposed in [1] and the resulting attraction towards the source or \ncenter of mass as a result of entanglement. Even other models, that link entanglement and gravity, may not help \nas the multi-fold universe do, as none have clearly identified such a gravity-like attraction as a result of \nentanglement. Any model where gravity appears between entangled particles could support the proposal from this \npaper. \n\n5. Conclusions \n \n\nWe believe that [1] makes a compelling case for the consistency of its multi-fold proposal. The present paper \n\nshows how the mechanisms of multi-fold universes can help address the challenges with dark matter as well as the \n\nsituation where it is believed to be missing. \n\nCombined with [8], it is remarkable that the mechanism of [1] can contribute to effects like inflation, small \n\ncosmological constant and dark energy and now dark matter; that it be present or missing. \n\nWhile steps in the right direction in terms of validating [1], future work should aim at providing quantitative \n\nestimates to further determine viability of the proposal or completeness of the explanation, versus just \n\ncontributing to what happens, which would already be satisfying. \n\nThe proposed explanation of dark matter is also an attractive validation candidate for the proposal that \n\nentanglement generates gravity like contributions [1,10]. \n\n \n____ \n \nReferences: (most references come from popular science to make the discussion more approachable) \n[1]: Stephane H. Maes, (2020) “Quantum Gravity Emergence from Entanglement in a Multi-Fold \nUniverse”, viXra:2006.0088v1, (June 9, 2020). \n[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric \n[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr-Newman_metric \n[4]: Burinskii, Alexander, (2008), \"The Dirac-Kerr-Newman electron\", arXiv:0507109v4 \n\nhttps://vixra.org/pdf/2006.0088v1.pdf\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr-Newman_metric\n\n\n[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter \n[6]: B. Clegg (2019), \"Dark Matter and Dark Energy: The Hidden 95% of the Universe\", Icon Books Ltd \n[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy \n[8]: Stephane H Maes, (2020), ”Explaining Dark Energy, Small Cosmological Constant and Inflation Without New \nPhysics?”, viXra:2006.0261v1, https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/2020/06/19/explaining-dark-energy-small-\ncosmological-constant-and-inflation-without-new-physics/, June 19, 2020. \n[9]: Shany Danieli, Pieter van Dokkum, Charlie Conroy, Roberto Abraham, and Aaron J. Romanowsky, (2019), \"Still \nMissing Dark Matter: KCWI High-resolution Stellar Kinematics of NGC1052-DF2\", The Astrophysical Journal Letters, \nVolume 874, Number 2 \n[10]: Stephane H Maes, (2020), “Entanglement Concretizes Time in a Multi-fold \nUniverse”, https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/2020/06/28/entanglement-concretizes-time-in-a-multi-fold-\nuniverse/, June 28, 2020. \n[11]: Erik P. Verlinde (2010), \"On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton\", arXiv:1001.0785 \n[12]: Erik Verlinde, (2016), \"Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe\", arXiv:1611.02269v2 \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy\nhttps://vixra.org/pdf/2006.0261v1.pdf\nhttps://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/2020/06/19/explaining-dark-energy-small-cosmological-constant-and-inflation-without-new-physics/\nhttps://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/2020/06/19/explaining-dark-energy-small-cosmological-constant-and-inflation-without-new-physics/\nhttps://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/2020/06/28/entanglement-concretizes-time-in-a-multi-fold-universe/\nhttps://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/2020/06/28/entanglement-concretizes-time-in-a-multi-fold-universe/"},"original_url":"https://osf.io/fk27m/download","fulltext":true,"source":"submitter","key":"fa1798daf08da67a6b8c184df9a2d279","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/fa1798daf08da67a6b8c184df9a2d279"}],"$schema":"https://inspirehep.net/schemas/records/hep.json","keywords":[{"schema":"INSPIRE","value":"gravitation: long-range"},{"schema":"INSPIRE","value":"entanglement"},{"schema":"INSPIRE","value":"new physics"},{"schema":"INSPIRE","value":"dark matter"},{"schema":"INSPIRE","value":"new particle"},{"schema":"INSPIRE","value":"galaxy"},{"schema":"INSPIRE","value":"gravitation: emergence"},{"schema":"INSPIRE","value":"gravitation: effect"},{"schema":"INSPIRE","value":"cosmological model"}],"references":[{"reference":{"arxiv_eprint":"2006.0088","label":"1","publication_info":{"year":2020},"title":{"title":"Quantum Gravity Emergence from Entanglement in a Multi-Fold Universe"},"misc":[":","viXra:","(June 9,)"],"authors":[{"full_name":"Maes, Stephane H."}]},"raw_refs":[{"schema":"text","source":"submitter","value":"[1]: Stephane H. 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Furthermore, we may note that saying that the foundations of physics are continuous implies seeing the real numbers as a primitive concept. To me, this seems disputable. The field R of reals is a highly abstract construction. Its elements are defined to be certain equivalence classes of infinite sequences, and have many non-intuitive properties. Most reals cannot be characterized by finite information (the real numbers we deal with in practice constitute a very small subset). The reason why they are so important is that in R we can introduce a suitable notion of limit, and prove all those theorems which make calculus consistent. In other terms, the reals provide us with a powerful and sound context for calculations. This is not the same as saying that they are to be included into the fundamental notions of physics. I’d rather say that taking the reals for granted, and including differentiable manifolds in the basic setting of a theory, amounts to starting from strong, involved assumptions. I’m not convinced by the contrary argument that the real numbers are essential for calculations, and so should be included in the fundamental as-"]},"curated_relation":false,"record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/1291547"}},{"reference":{"label":"3","misc":["actually I see it as a more radical ansatz, involving the complete elimination of the geometry from fundamental notions. 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Thus I’d like to speculate a little about how one could try and exploit the above arguments in order to construct a true theory. Consider a chunk of the network of events, and draw the correlations as lines of various types know that this resembles a Feynman diagram, and that such diagrams are to be considered just helps for calculations, having nothing to do with reality"],"authors":[{"full_name":"Well, I."}]}},{"reference":{"label":"5","misc":["however I’m not going to treat it really as a Feynman diagram, and certainly I’m not saying that the lines represent paths in some space, so please follow me for the moment. The lines here bear various types of labels, but none"]}},{"reference":{"label":"6","misc":["suggest that, rather than dealing with arbitrary spin networks, we could get to the core of the question by restricting our attention to a simplified situation in which spin can only take the values 1/2 and 1"],"authors":[{"full_name":"I, Now"}]}},{"reference":{"label":"6","misc":["this encompasses electrodynamics, which is essentially the source of almost all everyday physics, classical and quantum (excluding gravity, which we aim at treating on a different footing, and nuclear physics). A chunk of the network of events, with the lines indicating correlation stripped of all the internal structure except what is needed for the present argument, could appear as illustrated here. Wavy lines and straight lines represent (as in usual Feynman diagrams) photons (spin 1) and fermions (spin 1/2), respectively"]}},{"reference":{"label":"6","misc":["the arrows indicate the fermions’ charge sign"]}},{"reference":{"label":"6","publication_info":{"year":2000},"misc":["different fermion masses may be allowed. Then, armed with one’s knowledge of the mathematical relation between spin and the Lorentz metric of classical spacetime, one can study 6 Part of my own mathematical work deals with such matters, e.g. see Acta Appl. Math. 62 N.2 , 187-224, or my more recent papers posted on the arxiv.org website. possible correspondences of the legs with vectors in Minkowski space"]}},{"reference":{"label":"6","misc":["possibly we might eventually find that a curved structure is needed for better fitting. This aspect could be related to Regge calculus, but note that I propose that the particles themselves be the network’s edges. 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