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online) Feynman diagrams representing PVQE electron-nucleon scattering in Born approximation: (a) EM interactioon -- one photon ($\\gamma$) exchanged, (b) WNC interaction -- one $Z^0$ exchanged.","source":"arxiv","key":"e40b6bed224738d80766df9d44b1125f","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/e40b6bed224738d80766df9d44b1125f"},{"filename":"IA_PW.png","caption":"Hadronic vertex in RPWIA.","source":"arxiv","key":"0d0950980a2f4c59f83a605f7461559a","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/0d0950980a2f4c59f83a605f7461559a"},{"filename":"IA_FSI.png","caption":"Hadronic vertex when FSI are considered (RMF-FSI model).","source":"arxiv","key":"8af5c94d9e8df421fd68e4d25f401415","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/8af5c94d9e8df421fd68e4d25f401415"},{"filename":"asi_contributions_RPWIA.png","caption":"(Color online) Inclusive PVQE asymmetry (red line) and the three separate components: longitudinal (L, dashed black line), transverse (T, dashed-dotted green line) and axial-transverse (T', dotted blue line). Results corresponding to two values of the momentum transferred $q=0.5$ GeV and $q=1$ GeV are shown in the upper and lower panels, respectively. The forward (backward) scattering situation, $\\theta_e=15^o$ ($\\theta_e=140^o$), is represented in the panels on the left (right) side. The NCC2 prescription is used to describe the current and the model RPWIA has been employed.","source":"arxiv","key":"1af840a685c71fa4fb3f5e36823dae9a","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/1af840a685c71fa4fb3f5e36823dae9a"},{"filename":"WNC_resp_models.png","caption":"(Color online) PV responses computed with the models: RPWIA (black line), RMF-FSI (dashed red line) and EMA (dotted blue line). In the upper (lower) panels the momentum transferred is $q=0.5$ GeV ($q=1$ GeV). The prescription NCC2 has been used.","source":"arxiv","key":"0996e7c194b0c8940e081ff4ba70c38e","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/0996e7c194b0c8940e081ff4ba70c38e"},{"filename":"asi_models.png","caption":"(Color online) As in Fig.~\\ref{fig:asi_contribuciones}, but in this case the PVQE asymmetry has been computed using the following models: RPWIA (solid black line), RMF-FSI (dashed red line), EMA (dotted blue line) and RFG (dashed-dotted green line).","source":"arxiv","key":"600283b39ce270ee27800bbe8593e353","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/600283b39ce270ee27800bbe8593e353"},{"filename":"asi_nucleos.png","caption":"(Color online) PVQE asymmetry computed with RMF-FSI for several target nuclei: $^{16}$O (solid red line), $^{12}$C (dashed green line) and $^{40}$Ca (dotted blue line). Here the organization of the panels is the same as in Fig.~\\ref{fig:asi_contribuciones}.","source":"arxiv","key":"31d334a3a81b6dd6f5ae4460112bd30c","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/31d334a3a81b6dd6f5ae4460112bd30c"},{"filename":"asi_CC1vsCC2_rmf.png","caption":"(Color online) PVQE asymmetry within RMF-FSI model, with the same organization of the panels as in Fig.~\\ref{fig:asi_contribuciones}. The results are computed using CC1 and CC2 currents in the different gauges (see legend).","source":"arxiv","key":"ff937a023ab0bf022a97ef7ed1a31454","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/ff937a023ab0bf022a97ef7ed1a31454"},{"filename":"asi_nucleonic_500.png","caption":"(Color online) PVQE asymmetry at forward (left panels) and backward (right panels) scattering angles. The upper (lower) panels correspond to the momentum transfer $q=0.5$ GeV ($q=1$ GeV). The black band represents the uncertainty in ${\\cal A}^{PV}_{QE}$ due to the magnetic strange parameter $\\mu_s$. The red band (left panels) shows the effect of the electric strange parameter $\\rho_s$ while the green band (right panels) corresponds to the impact associated with the uncertainty in the isovector contribution to the axial-vector form factor (see text for details).","source":"arxiv","key":"e05822f93e5ebda9e1d3325f11448741","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/e05822f93e5ebda9e1d3325f11448741"},{"filename":"asi_nucleonic_1000.png","caption":"(Color online) PVQE asymmetry at forward (left panels) and backward (right panels) scattering angles. The upper (lower) panels correspond to the momentum transfer $q=0.5$ GeV ($q=1$ GeV). The black band represents the uncertainty in ${\\cal A}^{PV}_{QE}$ due to the magnetic strange parameter $\\mu_s$. The red band (left panels) shows the effect of the electric strange parameter $\\rho_s$ while the green band (right panels) corresponds to the impact associated with the uncertainty in the isovector contribution to the axial-vector form factor (see text for details).","source":"arxiv","key":"c2758d5f04d050edfff082bf5f8b7785","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/c2758d5f04d050edfff082bf5f8b7785"},{"filename":"scaling_rpwia_cc2_nucleos.png","caption":"(Color online) EM (dashed lines) and interference (solid lines) scaling functions computed using NCC2 prescription, the RPWIA model and two target nuclei: $^{12}$C (black) and $^{16}$O (red). The left (right) panels correspond to the momentum transfer $q=500$ MeV ($q=1000$ MeV). We represent the longitudinal ($L$, upper panels), transverse ($T$, central panels) and transverse axial ($T'$, lower panels) scaling functions. As reference, the experimental longitudinal scaling data are also represented (blue points)~\\cite{Maieron02}.","source":"arxiv","key":"8881ba37c4e4321b366ce82b94403220","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/8881ba37c4e4321b366ce82b94403220"},{"filename":"scaling_rmf_cc2_nucleos.png","caption":"(Color online) As in Fig.~\\ref{fig:scaling_rpwia_cc2_nucleos}, but using the RMF-FSI model and only for $^{16}$O.","source":"arxiv","key":"8c1d7d4735644363d23c8dd3f17f6bc2","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/8c1d7d4735644363d23c8dd3f17f6bc2"}],"legacy_version":"20170522172139.0","inspire_categories":[{"term":"Theory-Nucl"}],"first_author":{"affiliations_identifiers":[{"schema":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/03yxnpp24"},{"schema":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106"}],"full_name":"González-Jiménez, R.","ids":[{"schema":"INSPIRE ID","value":"INSPIRE-00550395"},{"schema":"ORCID","value":"0000-0002-0492-0619"},{"schema":"INSPIRE BAI","value":"R.Gonzalez.Jimenez.1"}],"last_name":"González-Jiménez","first_name":"R.","recid":1259699},"control_number":1340137,"dois":[{"value":"10.1103/PhysRevC.91.045502"}],"document_type":["article"],"texkeys":["Gonzalez-Jimenez:2015tla"],"abstracts":[{"source":"APS","value":"We study parity violation in quasielastic electron-nucleus scattering using the relativistic impulse approximation. Different fully relativistic approaches have been considered to estimate the effects associated with the final-state interactions. We have computed the parity-violating quasielastic (PVQE) asymmetry and have analyzed its sensitivity to the different ingredients that enter into the description of the reaction mechanism: final-state interactions, nucleon off-shellness effects, and current gauge ambiguities. Particular attention has been paid to the description of the weak neutral current form factors. The PVQE asymmetry is proven to be an excellent observable when the goal is to get precise information on the axial-vector sector of the weak neutral current. Specifically, from measurements of the asymmetry at backward scattering angles good knowledge of the radiative corrections entering in the isovector axial-vector sector can be gained. Finally, scaling properties shown by the interference γ−Z nuclear responses are also analyzed.","abstract_source_suggest":{"input":"APS"}},{"source":"arXiv","value":"We study parity violation in quasielastic (QE) electron-nucleus scattering using the relativistic impulse approximation. Different fully relativistic approaches have been considered to estimate the effects associated with the final-state interactions. We have computed the parity-violating quasielastic (PVQE) asymmetry and have analyzed its sensitivity to the different ingredients that enter in the description of the reaction mechanism: final-state interactions, nucleon off-shellness effects, current gauge ambiguities. Particular attention has been paid to the description of the weak neutral current form factors. The PVQE asymmetry is proven to be an excellent observable when the goal is to get precise information on the axial-vector sector of the weak neutral current. Specifically, from measurements of the asymmetry at backward scattering angles good knowledge of the radiative corrections entering in the isovector axial-vector sector can be gained. Finally, scaling properties shown by the interference $\\gamma-Z$ nuclear responses are also analyzed.","abstract_source_suggest":{"input":"arXiv"}}],"primary_arxiv_category":["nucl-th"],"titles":[{"source":"arXiv","title":"Parity violation in quasielastic electron-nucleus scattering within the relativistic impulse 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Fixing theses irreducible representations produces a direct product structure on each boundary edge, with one factor lying on the inside and one factor on the outside.","label":"fig:2","source":"arxiv","key":"c4440e5024ee09da93c9b979270530ae","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/c4440e5024ee09da93c9b979270530ae"}],"legacy_version":"20190626133100.0","inspire_categories":[{"term":"General Physics"},{"term":"Lattice"},{"term":"Theory-HEP"},{"term":"Quantum Physics","source":"arxiv"},{"term":"Condensed Matter","source":"arxiv"}],"first_author":{"full_name":"Van Acoleyen, Karel","last_name":"Van Acoleyen","first_name":"Karel","recid":1019350},"control_number":1404695,"dois":[{"value":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.131602"},{"material":"publication","source":"arXiv","value":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.131602"}],"document_type":["article"],"texkeys":["VanAcoleyen:2015ccp"],"abstracts":[{"source":"APS","value":"We study the entanglement structure of lattice gauge theories from the local operational point of view, and, similar to Soni and Trivedi [J. High Energy Phys. 1 (2016) 1], we show that the usual entanglement entropy for a spatial bipartition can be written as the sum of an undistillable gauge part and of another part corresponding to the local operations and classical communication distillable entanglement, which is obtained by depolarizing the local superselection sectors. We demonstrate that the distillable entanglement is zero for pure Abelian gauge theories at zero gauge coupling, while it is in general nonzero for the non-Abelian case. We also consider gauge theories with matter, and show in a perturbative approach how area laws—including a topological correction—emerge for the distillable entanglement. Finally, we also discuss the entanglement entropy of gauge fixed states and show that it has no relation to the physical distillable entropy.","abstract_source_suggest":{"input":"APS"}},{"source":"arXiv","value":"We study the entanglement structure of lattice gauge theories from the local operational point of view, and, similar to Soni and Trivedi (arXiv:1510.07455), we show that the usual entanglement entropy for a spatial bipartition can be written as the sum of an undistillable gauge part and of another part corresponding to the LOCC distillable entanglement, which is obtained by depolarizing the local superselection sectors. We demonstrate that the distillable entanglement is zero for pure abelian gauge theories in the weak coupling limit, while it is in general nonzero for the nonabelian case. We also consider gauge theories with matter, and show in a perturbative approach how area laws -- including a topological correction -- emerge for the distillable entanglement.","abstract_source_suggest":{"input":"arXiv"}}],"primary_arxiv_category":["quant-ph"],"titles":[{"source":"arXiv","title":"The entanglement of distillation for gauge theories"}],"imprints":[{"date":"2016-09-21"}],"curated":true},"links":{"bibtex":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/1404695?format=bibtex","latex-eu":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/1404695?format=latex-eu","latex-us":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/1404695?format=latex-us","json":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/1404695?format=json","json-expanded":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/1404695?format=json-expanded","cv":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/1404695?format=cv","citations":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/?q=refersto%3Arecid%3A1404695"}},{"updated":"2026-02-09T11:24:48.570799+00:00","id":"1768904","created":"2019-12-08T00:00:00+00:00","metadata":{"citation_count_without_self_citations":0,"authors":[{"full_name_unicode_normalized":"buyens, boye","full_name":"Buyens, Boye","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/2352935"},"affiliations":[{"record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/902815"},"value":"Gent U."}],"ids":[{"schema":"INSPIRE BAI","value":"B.Buyens.1"}],"last_name":"Buyens","signature_block":"BYANb","uuid":"7b091e97-3878-4572-b050-b73c3f8be0ee","first_name":"Boye","recid":2352935}],"citation_count":0,"$schema":"https://inspirehep.net/schemas/records/hep.json","keywords":[{"schema":"INSPIRE","value":"network"}],"references":[{"reference":{"label":"1","publication_info":{"journal_volume":"128","artid":"2425","year":1962,"page_start":"2425","journal_title":"Phys.Rev."},"title":{"title":"Gauge invariance and mass. ii"},"authors":[{"full_name":"Schwinger, J."}]},"raw_refs":[{"schema":"text","value":"[1] J. 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We find an expression for the renormalization scheme and scale invariant source $\\hat{J}$, as a function of the generated mass gap. The expansion of this function is organized in such a way that all scheme and scale dependence is reduced to one single parameter d. We get a non-perturbative mass gap as the solution of $\\hat{J}=0$. In one loop we find that any physical choice for d gives good results for high values of N. In two loops we can determine d self-consistently by the principle of minimal sensitivity and find remarkably accurate results for N>2."}],"primary_arxiv_category":["hep-th"],"titles":[{"title":"Dynamical mass generation by source inversion: Calculating the mass gap of the Gross-Neveu model"},{"source":"arXiv","title":"Dynamical mass generation by source inversion: Calculating the mass gap of the Gross-Neveu model."}],"curated":true},"links":{"bibtex":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/566916?format=bibtex","latex-eu":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/566916?format=latex-eu","latex-us":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/566916?format=latex-us","json":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/566916?format=json","json-expanded":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/566916?format=json-expanded","cv":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/566916?format=cv","citations":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/?q=refersto%3Arecid%3A566916"}},{"updated":"2025-06-24T10:04:59.750115+00:00","id":"561471","created":"2001-08-14T00:00:00+00:00","metadata":{"citation_count_without_self_citations":5,"documents":[{"filename":"v33p0065.pdf","attachment":{"content":"Vol. 33 (2002) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B No 1\nNUCLEAR EQUATION OF STATEAND SPECTRAL FUNCTIONS�W.H. Di\rkhoffa;b and E.P. RothbaLaboratory of Theoreti\ral Physi\rs, University of GentProeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Gent, BelgiumbDepartment of Physi\rs, Washington UniversitySt. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA(Re\reived De\rember 11, 2001)An overview is given of the theoreti\ral work on nu\rleon spe\rtral fun\r-tions in �nite nu\rlei. The \ronsequen\res of the observed spe\rtral strengthdistribution are then \ronsidered in the \rontext of the nu\rlear-matter satu-ration problem. Arguments are presented suggesting that short-range \ror-relations are mainly responsible for the a\rtual value of the observed \rhargedensity in 208Pb and by extension for the empiri\ral value of the saturationdensity of nu\rlear matter. This observation \rombined with the general un-derstanding of the spe\rtros\ropi\r strength suggests that a renewed study ofnu\rlear matter, emphasizing the self-\ronsistent determination of the spe\r-tral strength due to short-range and tensor \rorrelations, may shed light onthe perennial nu\rlear saturation problem. First results using su\rh a s\rhemeare presented. Arguments are dis\russed that \rlarify the role of long-range\rorrelations and their relevan\re for nu\rlear saturation.PACS numbers: 21.10.Jx, 21.65.+f1. Introdu\rtionDuring the last �fteen years \ronsiderable progress has been made in\rlarifying the limits of the nu\rlear mean-�eld pi\rture. The primary toolin exhibiting these limits in a quantitative fashion has been provided bythe (e; e0p) rea\rtion [1�4℄. In this paper the status of the theoreti\ral un-derstanding of the spe\rtros\ropi\r fa\rtors that have been dedu\red from theanalysis of this rea\rtion will be brie�y reviewed. The qualitative features ofthe strength distribution \ran be understood by realizing that a \ronsiderablemixing o\r\rurs between hole states and two-hole one-parti\rle (2h1p) states.� Presented at the XXVII Mazurian Lakes S\rhool of Physi\rs, Krzy»e, Poland,September 2�9, 2001. (65)\n\n\n\n66 W.H. Di\rkhoff, E.P. RothThis leads to the observed fragmentation pattern whi\rh exhibits a singlepeak for valen\re hole states near the Fermi energy, albeit with a redu\rtionof the strength by about 35% [1-4℄. A broadly fragmented strength distribu-tion is observed for more deeply bound states whi\rh also sums to about 65%of the strength. This strong fragmentation is due to the strong \roupling ofthese single-hole states to 2h1p states and the a\r\rompanying small energydenominators. For quantitative results one also requires the in\rlusion ofshort-range and tensor \rorrelations. First, this leads to a global depletionof mean-�eld orbitals whi\rh ranges from 10% in light nu\rlei to about 15%in heavy nu\rlei and nu\rlear matter [5,6℄. Se\rond, this depletion e�e\rt mustbe \rompensated by the admixture of high-momentum \romponents in theground state. Su\rh high-momentum nu\rleons have not yet been unambigu-ously identi�ed experimentally using the (e; e0p) rea\rtion. The sear\rh forsu\rh high-momentum \romponents in valen\re hole states has not been su\r-\ressful [7,8℄ as was predi\rted by pre\reding theoreti\ral work [9℄. More detailson some of these issues will be dis\russed in Se\rt. 2.A re\rent publi\ration [10℄ has \rhallenged the \ronventional interpretationof the (e; e0p) rea\rtion with regard to valen\re hole states. This \rhallenge\ronsists in questioning the validity of the \ronstan\ry of the spe\rtros\ropi\rfa\rtor as a fun\rtion of the four-momentum Q2, transferred by the virtualphoton to the kno\rked-out nu\rleon. While the theoreti\ral de�nition of thespe\rtros\ropi\r fa\rtor is unambiguously independent of the probe, it is worthstudying the des\rription of the data at higher Q2 in a \ronsistent manner.In Ref. [11℄ this approa\rh is outlined for the des\rription of a re\rent JLabexperiment [12℄. An eikonal des\rription of the �nal-state-intera\rtion [13℄was \rombined with previous results for the quasihole wave fun\rtions ob-tained for 16O [14℄ whi\rh were employed for the des\rription [15℄ of a lowQ2 experiment performed at NIKHEF [16℄. The absorption of the outgoingproton was related to the absorption experien\red by a nu\rleon with \rorre-sponding momentum in nu\rlear matter. This information was obtained fromself-\ronsistent \ral\rulations for nu\rleon spe\rtral fun\rtions dis\russed in moredetail below [17℄. The results at Q2 = 0:8(GeV=\r)2 [11℄ demonstrate thatthe same spe\rtros\ropi\r fa\rtors \ran be employed for a su\r\ressful des\rriptionof the JLab experiment [12℄ and the earlier NIKHEF data [16℄ \ron�rmingthe usual interpetation of the (e; e0p) rea\rtion.The information about the spe\rtral strength distribution provides newmotivation to \ronsider the �energy� or �Koltun� sum rule [18,19℄. In prin-\riple, one \ran observe that a perfe\rt agreement of the theoreti\ral strengthwith the experimental one, at all energies and all momenta, must yield a\rorrespondingly good agreement for the energy per parti\rle, provided three-body for\res are not too important. The importan\re of the \rontribution ofhigh-momentum nu\rleons, whi\rh sofar have not been observed dire\rtly, to\n\n\n\nNu\rlear Equation of State and Spe\rtral Fun\rtions 67the energy per parti\rle has already been pointed out in [14℄. In addition, wewill argue in Se\rt. 3 that the a\rtual value of the nu\rlear saturation density isdominated by the e�e\rts of short-range (and tensor) \rorrelations (SRC). Re-\rent experimental work supports this \rlaim. Based on these \ronsiderations,it is argued that a renewed study of the nu\rlear satuation problem is in or-der. Spe\rial emphasis on SRC will be utilized and all possible \rontributionsof long-range \rorrelations dis\rarded. First results of this \romputationallydemanding s\rheme will be dis\russed in some detail in Se\rt. 4. Finally, some\ron\rlusions are presented in Se\rt. 5.2. Status of theoreti\ral results for spe\rtros\ropi\r strengthEx\rlusive experiments, involving the removal of a proton from the nu-\rleus whi\rh is indu\red by a high-energy ele\rtron that is dete\rted in \roin\ri-den\re with the removed proton, have given a\r\ress to absolute spe\rtros\ropi\rfa\rtors asso\riated with quasihole states for a wide range of nu\rlei [1�4℄. Theexperimental results indi\rate that the removal of single-parti\rle (sp) strengthfor quasihole states near the Fermi energy \rorresponds to about 65%. Thespe\rtros\ropi\r fa\rtors obtained in these experiments \ran be dire\rtly relatedto the sp Green's fun\rtion of the system whi\rh is given byG(�; �;!) = Xm \n\tA0 �� a� ��\tA+1m � \n\tA+1m �� ay� ��\tA0 �! � (EA+1m �EA0 ) + i�+Xn \n\tA0 �� ay� ��\tA�1n � \n\tA�1n �� a� ��\tA0 �! � (EA0 �EA�1n )� i� : (1)This representation of the Green's fun\rtion is referred to as the Lehmann-representation and involves the exa\rt eigenstates and \rorresponding energiesof the A- and A� 1-parti\rle systems. Both the addition and removal ampli-tude for a parti\rle from (to) the ground state of the system with A parti\rlesmust be \ronsidered in Eq. (1). Only the removal amplitude has dire\rt rele-van\re for the analysis of the (e; e0p) experiments. The spe\rtros\ropi\r fa\rtorfor the removal of a parti\rle in the sp orbit �, while leaving the remainingnu\rleus in state n, is then given byzn� = ��\n\tA�1n �� a� ��\tA0 ���2 ; (2)whi\rh \rorresponds to the \rontribution to the numerator of the se\rond sumin Eq. (1) of state n for the \rase � = �. Another important quantity is thespe\rtral fun\rtion asso\riated with sp orbit �. The part related to the removalof parti\rles, or hole spe\rtral fun\rtion, is given bySh(�; !) =Xn ��\n\tA�1n �� a� ��\tA0 ���2 Æ(! � (EA0 �EA�1n )) ; (3)\n\n\n\n68 W.H. Di\rkhoff, E.P. Rothwhi\rh \rorresponds to the imaginary part of the diagonal elements of thepropagator and \rhara\rterizes the strength distribution of the sp state � as afun\rtion of energy in the A� 1-parti\rle system. From this quantity one \rantherefore obtain another key ingredient that gauges the e�e\rt of \rorrelations,namely the o\r\rupation numbern(�) = \"FZ�1 d! Sh(�; !) = \n\tA0 �� ay�a� ��\tA0 � : (4)In the experimental analysis for the quasihole states the quantum number� is related to the Woods-Saxon potential required to both reprodu\re the\rorre\rt energy of the hole state as well as the shape of the \rorresponding(e; e0p) \rross se\rtion for the parti\rular transition under \ronsideration. Theremaining parameter required to �t the data then be\romes the spe\rtros\ropi\rfa\rtor asso\riated with this transition. In this analysis the redu\rtion of the�ux asso\riated with the s\rattering of the outgoing proton is in\rorporatedby the use of empiri\ral opti\ral potentials des\rribing elasti\r proton-nu\rleuss\rattering data. Experiments on 208Pb result in a spe\rtros\ropi\r fa\rtor of 0.65for the removal of the last 3s1=2 proton [2℄. Additional information about theo\r\rupation number of this orbit \ran be obtained by analyzing elasti\r ele\rtrons\rattering \rross se\rtions of neighboring nu\rlei [20℄. The o\r\rupation numberfor the 3s1=2 proton orbit obtained from this analysis is about 10% largerthan the quasihole spe\rtros\ropi\r fa\rtor [21,22,2℄. A re\rent analysis of the(e; e0p) rea\rtion on 208Pb in a wide range of missing energies and for missingmomenta below 270 MeV/\r yields information on the o\r\rupation numbers ofall the more deeply-bound proton orbitals. The data suggest that all thesedeeply-bound orbits are depleted by the same amount of about 15% [23,24℄.The properties of the experimental strength distributions \ran be un-derstood on the basis of the \roupling between single-hole states and 2h1pstates. This implies that a proper in\rlusion of this \roupling in the low-energydomain is required in theoreti\ral \ral\rulations that aim at reprodu\ring theexperimental distribution of the strength. Su\rh \ral\rulations have been su\r-\ressfully performed for medium-heavy nu\rlei [25�27℄. Indeed, \ral\rulationsfor the strength distribution for the removal of protons from 48Ca demon-strate that an ex\rellent qualitative agreement with the experimental resultsis obtained when the \roupling of the single-hole states to low-lying \rolle\r-tive states is taken into a\r\rount [27℄. This \roupling is taken into a\r\rountby \ral\rulating the mi\rros\ropi\r RPA phonons and then \ronstru\rting the \ror-responding self-energy. The solution of the Dyson equation then providesthe theoreti\ral strength distribution [6℄. By adding the additional depletiondue to SRC, a quantitative agreement \ran be obtained although no expli\rit\ral\rulation for these nu\rlei in\rluding both e�e\rts has been performed to\n\n\n\nNu\rlear Equation of State and Spe\rtral Fun\rtions 69date. The \rorresponding o\r\rupation numbers \ral\rulated for this nu\rleusalso indi\rate that the in�uen\re of \rolle\rtive low-lying states, asso\riated withlong-range \rorrelations, on the o\r\rupation numbers is \ron�ned to sp statesin the immediate vi\rinity of the Fermi level [27℄. The experimental infor-mation on o\r\rupation numbers in 208Pb [23,24℄ suggests therefore that theobserved depletion for deeply bound states is essentially only due to SRCas will be further dis\russed in Se\rt. 3. The des\rription of the spe\rtros\ropi\rstrength in 16O is not as su\r\ressful [28℄ on a\r\rount of the \romplexity ofthe low-energy stru\rture of this nu\rleus. Although the results of Ref. [28℄demonstrate the importan\re of long-range \rorrelations for this nu\rleus, the�nal results for the p-quasihole strength is still 0.2 above the data [16℄ whi\rhyield about 0.6 for the \rorresponding spe\rtros\ropi\r fa\rtors. It should benoted that the in\rlusion of SRC only yields a 10% redu\rtion of the strength[9,14℄, while \renter-of-mass \rorre\rtions raise these spe\rtros\ropi\r fa\rtors byabout 7% [29℄. Attempts to des\rribe the proper in\rlusion of mi\rros\ropi\rparti\rle-parti\rle and parti\rle-hole phonons in a Faddeev approa\rh for thisnu\rleus are \rurrently in progress [30,31℄. The Faddeev approa\rh is ne\res-sary sin\re the naive idea of adding the \rontribution to the self-energy ofparti\rle-parti\rle and parti\rle-hole phonons while subtra\rting the \rommonse\rond-order term fails. This failure is parti\rularly salient in �nite systemssin\re near the poles of the se\rond-order self-energy no proper solution of theDyson equation \ran be obtained [30℄.For a quantitative understanding it is also ne\ressary to a\r\rount for theappearan\re of sp strength at high momenta as a dire\rt re�e\rtion of the in-�uen\re of SRC. These high-momentum nu\rleons make up an important partof the missing strength that has been do\rumented in (e; e0p) experiments.Results for 16O [9,14℄ \rorroborate the expe\rted o\r\rupation of high-momentabut put their presen\re at high missing energy. This \ran be understood interms of the admixture of a high-momentum nu\rleon requiring 2h1p stateswhi\rh must a\r\romodate this momentum maintaining momentum \ronserva-tion. Sin\re two-hole states \rombine to small total pair momenta, one ne\res-sarily needs a high-momentum nu\rleon (of about equal and opposite valueto the \romponent to be admixed) with \rorresponding high ex\ritation energy.As a result, one expe\rts to �nd high-momentum \romponents predominantlyat high missing energy. Re\rent experiments at JLab are aimed at a quanti-tative assessment of the strength distribution of these high-momentum nu-\rleons [32℄. A su\r\ressful determination of this experimental strength would�nally \romplete the sear\rh for all the protons in the nu\rleus. So far, onlylittle more than 80% of them have been identi�ed for 208Pb [23℄.\n\n\n\n70 W.H. Di\rkhoff, E.P. Roth3. Considerations regarding saturation propertiesof nu\rlear matterWe will now fo\rus on the \ronsequen\res of the results dis\russed in theprevious se\rtion. We start by arguing that the empiri\ral saturation den-sity of nu\rlear matter is dominated by SRC. As dis\russed earlier, a re\rentanalysis of the (e; e0p) rea\rtion on 208Pb up to 100 MeV missing energy and270 MeV/\r missing momenta indi\rates that all deeply bound orbits are de-pleted by the same amount of about 15% [23,24℄. This global depletion ofthe sp strength in about the same amount for all states as observed for 208Pbwas anti\ripated [5,33℄ on the basis of the experien\re that has been obtainedwith \ral\rulating o\r\rupation numbers in nu\rlear matter with the in\rlusion ofSRC [34,35℄. Su\rh \ral\rulations suggest that about 15% of the sp strengthin heavy nu\rlei is removed from the Fermi sea leading to the o\r\rupation ofhigh-momentum states. This global depletion of mean-�eld orbitals \ran beinterpreted as a \rlear signature of the in�uen\re of SRC. In turn, these resultsre�e\rt on one of the key quantities determining nu\rlear saturation empiri-\rally. Elasti\r ele\rtron s\rattering from 208Pb [36℄ \rlearly pinpoints the valueof the \rentral \rharge density in this nu\rleus. By multiplying this number byA=Z one obtains the relevant \rentral density of heavy nu\rlei, \rorrespondingto 0.16 nu\rleons/fm3 or kF = 1:33 fm�1. Sin\re the presen\re of nu\rleonsat the \renter of a nu\rleus is \ron�ned to s nu\rleons, and their depletion isdominated by SRC, one may \ron\rlude that the a\rtual value of the satura-tion density of nu\rlear matter must also be \rlosely linked to the e�e\rts ofSRC. While this argument is parti\rularly appropriate for the deeply bound1s1=2 and 2s1=2 protons, it \rontinues to hold for the 3s1=2 protons whi\rh aredepleted predominantly by short-range e�e\rts (up to 15%) and by at most10% due to long-range \rorrelations [2,21,22℄.The binding energy of nu\rlei or nu\rlear matter usually in\rludes onlymean-�eld \rontributions to the kineti\r energy when the \ral\rulations arebased on perturbative s\rhemes like the hole-line expansion [37℄. With thepresen\re of high-momentum \romponents in the ground state it be\romesrelevant to ask what the real kineti\r and potential energy of the system looklike in terms of the sp strength distributions. This theoreti\ral result [18,19℄has the general formEA0 = \n\tA0 �� Ĥ ��\tA0 � = 12 X�� h�jT j�in�� + 12 X� \"FZ�1 d! !Sh(�; !) (5)in the \rase when only two-body intera\rtions are involved. In this equation,n�� is the one-body density matrix element whi\rh \ran be dire\rtly obtainedfrom the sp propagator. Obvious simpli�\rations o\r\rur in this result for the\n\n\n\nNu\rlear Equation of State and Spe\rtral Fun\rtions 71\rase of nu\rlear matter due to momentum \ronservation. A deli\rate balan\reexists between the repulsive kineti\r-energy term and the attra\rtive \rontri-bution of the se\rond term in Eq. (5) whi\rh samples the sp strength weightedby the energy !. When realisti\r spe\rtral distributions are used to \ral\rulatethese quantities in �nite nu\rlei unexpe\rted results emerge [14℄. Su\rh \ral-\rulations for 16O indi\rate that the \rontribution of the quasihole states toEq. (5), \romprises only 37% of the total energy leaving 63% for the \rontin-uum terms that represent the spe\rtral strength asso\riated with the \rouplingto low-energy 2h1p states. The latter \rontributions exhibit the presen\re ofhigh-momentum \romponents in the nu\rlear ground state. Although thesehigh momenta a\r\rount for only 10% of the parti\rles in 16O, their \rontribu-tion to the energy is extremely important. These results demonstrate theimportan\re of treating the dressing of nu\rleons in �nite nu\rlei in determiningthe binding energy per parti\rle. It is therefore reasonable to \ron\rlude thata \rareful study of SRC in\rluding the full fragmentation of the sp strengthis ne\ressary for the \ral\rulation of the energy per parti\rle in �nite nu\rlei.Su\rh \ronsiderations for nu\rlear matter have been available for some timeas well [38℄. In\rluding fragmentation of the sp strength has the additionaladvantage that agreement with data from the (e; e0p) rea\rtion [32℄ \ran beused to gauge the quality of the theoreti\ral des\rription in determining theenergy per parti\rle. This argument \ran be turned inside out by noting thatan exa\rt representation of the spe\rtros\ropi\r strength must lead to the \ror-re\rt energy per parti\rle a\r\rording to Eq. (5) in the \rase of the dominan\re oftwo-body intera\rtions. Clearly this perspe\rtive \ran only be\rome \rompleteupon the su\r\ressful analysis of high-momentum \romponents in the (e; e0p)rea\rtion [32℄.Returning to the saturation problem in nu\rlear matter, it is importantto \romment on the re\rent su\r\ress of the Catania group in determining thenu\rlear saturation \rurve in\rluding three hole-line \rontributions [37℄. These\ral\rulations demonstrate that a good agreement is obtained at the threehole-line level between \ral\rulations that start from di�erent pres\rriptions forthe auxiliary potential. Sin\re the \rontribution of the three hole-line termsare signi�\rant but indi\rate reasonable \ronvergen\re properties \rompared tothe two hole-line \rontribution, one may assume that these results provide ana\r\rurate representation of the energy per parti\rle as a fun\rtion of density forthe \rase of only nonrelativisti\r nu\rleons. The saturation density obtainedin this re\rent work \rorresponds to kF = 1:565 fm�1 with a binding energyof �16:18 MeV. The \ron\rlusion appears to be appropriate that additionalphysi\rs in the form of three-body for\res or the in\rlusion of relativisti\r e�e\rtsis ne\ressary to repair this obvious dis\rrepan\ry with the empiri\ral saturationproperties.\n\n\n\n72 W.H. Di\rkhoff, E.P. RothBefore agreeing with this \ron\rlusion it is useful to remember that threehole-line \rontributions in\rlude a third-order ring diagram. The agreement ofthree hole-line \ral\rulations with advan\red variational \ral\rulations [39℄ fur-ther emphasizes the notion that important aspe\rts of long-range \rorrelationsare in\rluded in both these \ral\rulations. This \ron\rlusion \ran also be based onthe observation that hypernetted \rhain \ral\rulations e�e\rtively in\rlude ring-diagram \rontributions to the energy per parti\rle although averaged over theFermi sea [40℄. The e�e\rt of these long-range \rorrelations on nu\rlear satura-tion properties is not small and \ran be illustrated by quoting expli\rit resultsfor three- and four-body ring diagrams [41℄. These results for the Reid poten-tial [42℄, in\rluding only nu\rleons, demonstrate that these ring-diagram termsare dominated by attra\rtive \rontributions involving pion quantum numberspropagating around the rings. Furthermore, these \rontributions in\rrease inimportan\re with in\rreasing density. In\rluding the possibility of the \rouplingof these pioni\r ex\ritation modes to �-hole states in these ring diagrams leadsto an additional large in\rrease in the binding with in\rreasing density [41℄.Alternatively, these terms involving �-isobars \ran also be \ronsidered as \ron-tributions due to three- and four-body for\res in the spa\re of only nu\rleons.The importan\re of these long-range \rontributions to the binding energy isof \rourse related to the possible appearan\re of pion \rondensation at highernu\rlear density. These long-range pion-ex\rhange dominated \rontributionsto the binding energy appear be\rause of \ronservation of momentum in nu-\rlear matter. For a given momentum q \rarried by a pion around a ringdiagram, one is able to sample \roherently the attra\rtive intera\rtion that ex-ists for values of q above 0.7 fm�1. All ring diagrams \rontribute \roherentlywhen the intera\rtion is attra\rtive and one may therefore obtain huge \ron-tributions at higher densities whi\rh re�e\rt the importan\re of this \rolle\rtivepion-propagation mode [43℄.No su\rh \rolle\rtive pion-degrees of freedom are a\rtually observed in �nitenu\rlei. A substantial part of the explanation of this fa\rt is provided by theobservation that in �nite nu\rlei both the attra\rtive and repulsive parts ofthe pion-ex\rhange intera\rtion are sampled before a build-up of long-range\rorrelations \ran be a\rhieved. Sin\re these \rontributions very nearly \ran\relea\rh other, whi\rh is further fa\rilitated by the in\rreased relevan\re of ex\rhangeterms [44℄, one does not see any marked e�e\rt on pion-like ex\rited states innu\rlei asso\riated with long-range pion degrees of freedom even when �-holestates are in\rluded [45℄. It seems therefore reasonable to \rall into questionthe relevan\re of these \roherent long-range pion-ex\rhange \rontributions to thebinding energy per parti\rle in nu\rlear matter. Sin\re the a\rtual saturationproperties of nu\rlei appear to be dominated by SRC, as dis\russed above, a\rriti\ral test of this idea may be to \ral\rulate nu\rlear saturation propertiesfo\rusing solely on the \rontribution of SRC. The re\rent experimental results\n\n\n\nNu\rlear Equation of State and Spe\rtral Fun\rtions 73dis\russed above demand furthermore that the dressing of nu\rleons in nu\rlearmatter is taken into a\r\rount in order to be \ronsistent with the extensive\rolle\rtion of experimental data from the (e; e0p) rea\rtion that have be\romeavailable in re\rent years. The self-\ronsistent \ral\rulation of nu\rleon spe\rtralfun\rtions obtained from the \rontribution to the nu\rleon self-energy of ladderdiagrams whi\rh in\rlude the propagation of these dressed parti\rles, ful�llsthis requirement. Some details of this s\rheme will be dis\russed in the nextse\rtion together with the �rst results [17,11℄.4. Self-\ronsistently dressed nu\rleons in nu\rlear matterIt is straightforward to write down the equation that involves the \ral\ru-lation of the e�e\rtive intera\rtion in nu\rlear matter obtained from the sumof all ladder diagrams while propagating fully dressed parti\rles. This resultis given in a partial wave representation by the following equationhkj� JSTLL0 (K;\n) ��k0� = hkj V JSTLL0 (K;\n) ��k0�+XL00 1Z0 dq q2 hkjV JSTLL00 (K;\n) jqi gIIf (q;K;\n) hqj� JSTLL00 (K;\n) ��k0� ;(6)where k; k0; and q denote relative and K the total momentum involved inthe intera\rtion pro\ress. Dis\rrete quantum numbers \rorrespond to total spin,S, orbital angular momentum, L;L0; L00, and the \ronserved total angularmomentum and isospin, J and T , respe\rtively. The energy \n and the totalmomentum K are \ronserved and a\rt as parameters that \rhara\rterize thee�e\rtive two-body intera\rtion in the medium. The \rriti\ral ingredient inEq. (6) is the nonintera\rting propagator gIIf whi\rh des\rribes the propagationof the parti\rles in the medium from intera\rtion to intera\rtion. For fullydressed parti\rles this propagator is given bygIIf (k1; k2;\n) = 1Z\"F d!1 1Z\"F d!2 Sp(k1; !1)Sp(k2; !2)\n � !1 � !2 + i�� \"FZ�1 d!1 \"FZ�1 d!2 Sh(k1; !1)Sh(k2; !2)\n � !1 � !2 � i� ; (7)where individual momenta k1 and k2 have been used instead of total andrelative momenta as in Eq. (6). The dressing of the parti\rles is expressed inthe use of parti\rle and hole spe\rtral fun\rtions, Sp and Sh, respe\rtively. Theparti\rle spe\rtral fun\rtion, Sp, is de�ned as a parti\rle addition probability\n\n\n\n74 W.H. Di\rkhoff, E.P. Rothdensity in a similar way as the hole spe\rtral fun\rtion in Eq. (3) for removal.These spe\rtral fun\rtions take into a\r\rount that the parti\rles propagate withrespe\rt to the \rorrelated ground state in\rorporating the presen\re of high-momentum \romponents in the ground state. This treatment therefore pro-vides the \rorrelated version of the Pauli prin\riple and leads to substantialmodi�\ration with respe\rt to the Pauli prin\riple e�e\rts related to the freeFermi gas. This fa\rt suggests that this \rorrelated version may also provide areasonable des\rription at higher densities sin\re the propagation of parti\rlesis \ronsidered with respe\rt to the \rorrelated ground state. The propaga-tor \rorresponding to the Pauli prin\riple of the free Fermi gas is obtainedfrom Eq. (7) by repla\ring the spe\rtral fun\rtions by strength distributions\rhara\rterized by Æ-fun\rtions as followsSp(k; !) = �(k � kF)Æ(! � \"(k)) ;Sh(k; !) = �(kF � k)Æ(! � \"(k)) : (8)This leads to the so-\ralled Galitski�Feynman propagator in\rluding hole�holeas well as parti\rle�parti\rle propagation of parti\rles \rhara\rterized by sp en-ergies \"(k). Dis\rarding the hole�hole propagation then yields the Brue\rknerladder diagrams with the usual Pauli operator for the free Fermi gas. Thee�e\rtive intera\rtion obtained by solving Eq. (6) using dressed propagators\ran be used to \ronstru\rt the self-energy of the parti\rle. With this self-energy the Dyson equation \ran be solved to generate a new in\rarnation ofthe dressed propagator. The pro\ress \ran then be \rontinued by \ronstru\rtinganew the dressed but nonintera\rting two-parti\rle propagator a\r\rording toEq. (7). At this stage, one \ran return to the ladder equation and so on untilself-\ronsisten\ry is a\rhieved for the \romplete Green's fun\rtion whi\rh is thenlegitimately \ralled a self-\ronsistent Green's fun\rtion.While this s\rheme is easy to present in equations and words, it is quiteanother matter to implement it. The re\rent a\r\romplishment of implement-ing this self-\ronsisten\ry s\rheme [17℄ builds upon earlier approximate imple-mentations. The �rst nu\rlear-matter spe\rtral fun\rtions were obtained fora semirealisti\r intera\rtion by employing mean-�eld propagators in the lad-der equation [46℄. Spe\rtral fun\rtions for the Reid intera\rtion were obtainedby still employing mean-�eld propagators in the ladder equation but withthe introdu\rtion of a self-\ronsistent gap in the sp spe\rtrum to take intoa\r\rount the pairing instabilities obtained for a realisti\r intera\rtion [38,47℄.The �rst solution of the e�e\rtive intera\rtion using dressed propagators wasobtained by employing a parametrization of the spe\rtral fun\rtions [48,49℄.The \ral\rulations employing dressed propagators in determining the e�e\r-tive intera\rtion demonstrate that at normal density one no longer runs intopairing instabilities on a\r\rount of the redu\red density of states asso\riatedwith the redu\rtion of the strength of the quasiparti\rle pole, zkF , from 1 in\n\n\n\nNu\rlear Equation of State and Spe\rtral Fun\rtions 75the Fermi gas to 0.7 in the \rase of dressed propagators. For two-parti\rlepropagation this leads to a redu\rtion fa\rtor of z2kF \rorresponding to about0.5 that is strong enough to push even the pairing instability in the 3S1-3D1\rhannel to lower densities [49℄. The \ronsequen\res for the s\rattering pro\ressof intera\rting parti\rles in nu\rlear matter \rhara\rterized by phase shifts and\rross se\rtions are also substantial and lead to a redu\rtion of the \rross se\rtionin a wide range of energies [49℄.The \rurrent implementation of the self-\ronsistent s\rheme for the propa-gator a\rross the summation of all ladder diagrams in\rludes a parametriza-tion of the imaginary part of the nu\rleon self-energy. Employing a repre-sentation in terms of two gaussians above and two below the Fermi energy,it is possible to a\r\rurately represent the nu\rleon self-energy as generatedby the \rontribution of relative S-waves (and in\rluding the tensor \rouplingto the 3D1 \rhannel) [17℄. Self-\ronsisten\ry at a density \rorresponding tokF = 1:36 fm�1 is a\rhieved in about ten iteration steps, ea\rh involving a\ronsiderable amount of \romputer time [17℄. A dis\rrete version of this s\rhemeis being implemented su\r\ressfully by the Gent group [50,51℄. It is importantto reiterate that su\rh s\rhemes isolate the \rontribution of SRC to the energyper parti\rle whi\rh is obtained from Eq. (5). An important result pertainingto this �se\rond generation� spe\rtral fun\rtions is shown in Fig. 1 related tothe emergen\re of a \rommon tail at large negative energy for di�erent mo-\n\nFig. 1. Self-\ronsistent spe\rtral fun\rtions at kF = 1:36 fm�1. Single-parti\rle mo-menta \rorresponding to k = 0 (solid), kF (dashed), and 2.1 fm�1 (dotted) areshown.\n\n\n\n76 W.H. Di\rkhoff, E.P. Rothmenta. Su\rh a \rommon tail was previously obtained at high energy [35℄ inthe parti\rle domain as a signature of SRC. This \rommon tail appears toplay a signi�\rant role in generating some additional binding energy at lowerdensities \rompared to \ronventional Brue\rkner-type \ral\rulations. At present,results for two densities \rorresponding to kF = 1:36 and 1.45 fm�1 have beenobtained. Self-\ronsisten\ry is a\rhieved for the \rontribution of the 1S0 and3S1-3D1 \rhannels to the self-energy. The other partial wave \rontributionshave been added separately. In pra\rti\re, higher partial waves are alwaysin\rluded in the \rorrelated Hartree-Fo\rk \rontribution. We have obtained ad-ditional \rontributions for L = 2 and 3 from solutions of the dressed ladderequation after obtaining self-\ronsisten\ry with the dominant S waves. The\rorresponding results for the binding energy have been obtained by averag-ing the parametrizations of the \rorresponding self-energies with and withoutthese higher-order terms for L = 2 and 3 partial waves. The di�eren\re be-tween these two results then provides us with a \ronservative estimate of thela\rk of self-\ronsisten\ry in\rluding these terms in higher partial waves. Thiserror estimate is in\rluded in Fig. 2 for the energy per parti\rle \ral\rulatedfrom the energy (Koltun) sum rule in Eq. (5). These results suggest that itis possible to obtain reasonable saturation properties for nu\rlear matter pro-vided one only in\rludes SRC in the determination of the equation of state.Based on the arguments presented in the previous se\rtion, one should not betoo surprised with this result. Clearly, the assertion that long-range pion-\n\nFig. 2. The energy per parti\rle \ral\rulated at two densities. The saturation den-sity for this self-\ronsistent Green's fun\rtion \ral\rulation with the Reid potential ispossibly in agreement with the empiri\ral result.\n\n\n\nNu\rlear Equation of State and Spe\rtral Fun\rtions 77ex\rhange \rontributions to the energy per parti\rle need not be \ronsidered inexplaining nu\rlear saturation properties, needs to be further investigated.In pra\rti\re, this means that one needs to establish whether pion-ex\rhangein heavy nu\rlei already mimi\rs the \rorresponding pro\ress in nu\rlear mat-ter. If this does not turn out to be the \rase, the arguments for \ronsideringthe nu\rlear-matter saturation problem only on the basis of the \rontributionof SRC will be strenghtened \ronsiderably. Furthermore, one would thenalso expe\rt that the \rontribution of three-body for\res [52℄ to the bindingenergy per parti\rle in �nite nu\rlei \rontinues to be slightly attra\rtive whenparti\rle number is in\rreased substantially beyond 10 [53℄. This point andthe previous dis\russion also suggest that there would be no further need forthe ad-ho\r repulsion added to three-body for\res used to �t nu\rlear-mattersaturation properties [54℄. 5. Con\rlusionsOne of the \rriti\ral experimental ingredients in \rlarifying the nature ofnu\rlear \rorrelations has only be\rome available over the last de\rade and ahalf. It is therefore not surprising that all s\rhemes that have been devel-oped to \ral\rulate nu\rlear-matter saturation properties are not based on theinsights that these experiments provide. One of the aims of the present pa-per is to remedy this situation. To this end we have started with a reviewof experimental data obtained from the (e; e0p) rea\rtion and \rorrespondingtheoreti\ral results, that exhibit \rlear eviden\re that nu\rleons in nu\rlei exhibitstrong \rorrelation e�e\rts. Based on these \ronsiderations and the su\r\ress ofthe theoreti\ral \ral\rulations to a\r\rount for the qualitative features of the spstrength distributions, it is suggested that the dressing of nu\rleons must betaken into a\r\rount in \ral\rulations of the energy per parti\rle. By identifyingthe dominant \rontribution of SRC to the empiri\ral saturation density, it isargued that these \rorrelations need to be emphasized in the study of nu\rlearmatter. It is also argued that in\rlusion of long-range \rorrelations, espe\riallythose involving pion propagation, leads to an unavoidable in\rrease in thetheoreti\ral saturation density. Sin\re this \rolle\rtivity in the pion \rhannel isnot observed in nu\rlei, it is proposed that the \rorresponding \rorrelationsin nu\rlear matter are not relevant for the study of nu\rlear saturation andshould therefore be ex\rluded from \ronsideration. A s\rheme whi\rh ful�lls thisrequirement and in\rludes the propagation of dressed parti\rles, as requiredby experiment, is outlined. Su\r\ressful implementation of this s\rheme hasre\rently been demonstrated [17,51℄. First results demonstrate that thesenew \ral\rulations lead to substantially lower saturation densities than havebeen obtained in the past. The introdu\rtion of a �nu\rlear-matter problem�whi\rh fo\ruses solely on the \rontribution of SRC may therefore lead to newinsight into the long-standing problem of nu\rlear saturation.\n\n\n\n78 W.H. Di\rkhoff, E.P. RothThis work was supported by the U. S. National S\rien\re Foundation underGrant No. PHY-9900713. REFERENCES[1℄ A.E.L. Dieperink, P.K.A. de Witt Huberts, Annu. Rev. Nu\rl. Part. S\ri. 40,239 (1990).[2℄ I. Si\rk, P.K.A. de Witt Huberts, Comments Nu\rl. Part. Phys. 20, 177 (1991).[3℄ L. Lapikás, Nu\rl. Phys. A553, 297\r (1993).[4℄ V.R. Pandharipande, I. Si\rk, P.K.A. de Witt Huberts, Rev. Mod. Phys. 69,981 (1997).[5℄ W.H. 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Phys. 401, 59 (1983)."},"fulltext":true,"key":"c3e53d978d3bf827eee0516eb2c9d825","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/c3e53d978d3bf827eee0516eb2c9d825"}],"authors":[{"full_name_unicode_normalized":"dickhoff, w.h.","full_name":"Dickhoff, W.H.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/1034054"},"ids":[{"schema":"INSPIRE BAI","value":"W.H.Dickhoff.1"}],"affiliations":[{"record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/902815"},"value":"Gent U."},{"record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/903339"},"value":"Washington U., St. Louis"}],"last_name":"Dickhoff","signature_block":"DACAFw","uuid":"dab49166-662f-4d7c-b9f3-b9bad1d6e035","first_name":"W.H.","recid":1034054},{"full_name_unicode_normalized":"roth, e.p.","full_name":"Roth, E.P.","record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/authors/2237236"},"ids":[{"schema":"INSPIRE BAI","value":"E.P.Roth.1"}],"affiliations":[{"record":{"$ref":"https://inspirehep.net/api/institutions/903339"},"value":"Washington U., 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