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ISBN 978-90-277-2356-7."}]},{"reference":{"imprint":{"publisher":"Reidel"},"dois":["10.1017/S0074180900150818"],"label":"45","publication_info":{"journal_volume":"117","page_end":"549","year":2026,"page_start":"547","journal_title":"IAU Symp."},"title":{"title":"dark matter"},"misc":["(D","Dordrecht, 1987)","Supplementary information S1 Analysis scope The analysis uses a frozen NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) archive queried with full:","indexed May 21,, and restricted to publication years through 2025. The corpus contains 201,627 unique records, including 143,390 with arXiv classifications. A machine-readable manifest records the query, cutoff, exclusions, row counts, software versions, random seed 20250801, and SHA-256 hashes of the retained inputs. Records dated after 2025 are excluded before every aggregation. Candidate extraction additionally requires abstract text and excludes records whose document type is abstract, thesis, proposal, technical report, press release, editorial, notice, dataset, software, or another excluded type specified in the manifest. Articles, eprints, proceedings papers, book chapters, books, and records without a document-type label remain eligible"],"authors":[{"full_name":"Tremaine, S.A"}]},"raw_refs":[{"schema":"text","source":"arXiv","value":"[45] Tremaine, S. A historical perspective on dark matter. In Dark Matter in the Universe (eds. Kormendy, J. & Knapp, G. R.), International Astronomical Union Symposium 117, 547–549 (D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 1987). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0074180900150818. Supplementary information S1 Analysis scope The analysis uses a frozen NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) archive queried with full:\"dark matter\", indexed May 21, 2026, and restricted to publication years through 2025. The corpus contains 201,627 unique records, including 143,390 with arXiv classifications. A machine-readable manifest records the query, cutoff, exclusions, row counts, software versions, random seed 20250801, and SHA-256 hashes of the retained inputs. Records dated after 2025 are excluded before every aggregation. Candidate extraction additionally requires abstract text and excludes records whose document type is abstract, thesis, proposal, technical report, press release, editorial, notice, dataset, software, or another excluded type specified in the manifest. Articles, eprints, proceedings papers, book chapters, books, and records without a document-type label remain eligible; the released document-flow table reports every type and count. S2 Classification robustness The main analysis assigns each paper to its first listed ADS arXiv class. Two alternatives test the dependence of the broad-field result on that convention: any-class membership counts a paper in every represented field, whereas fractional assignment distributes weight 1/𝑘 across its 𝑘 listed classes. Aggregated astrophysics remains larger than aggregated high-energy physics under all three rules, although the estimated shares vary (Fig. S1). Between 16.8% and 20.2% of classified papers each year from 2010 through 2025 belong to both fields under any-class membership. A fixed-seed, year-stratified audit compared the first ADS class with the arXiv primary category for 500 multi-classified papers from 2010 through 2025. Agreement was 500/500, or 1.000 (Wilson 95% interval 0.992–1.000). This supports the ordering convention for the sampled records; it does"}]},{"reference":{"label":"45","publication_info":{"year":2010},"misc":["historical perspective on dark matter. In Dark Matter in the Universe","the released document-flow table reports every type and count. S2 Classification robustness The main analysis assigns each paper to its first listed ADS arXiv class. Two alternatives test the dependence of the broad-field result on that convention: any-class membership counts a paper in every represented field, whereas fractional assignment distributes weight 1/𝑘 across its 𝑘 listed classes. Aggregated astrophysics remains larger than aggregated high-energy physics under all three rules, although the estimated shares vary (Fig. S1). Between 16.8% and 20.2% of classified papers each year fromthrough 2025 belong to both fields under any-class membership. A fixed-seed, year-stratified audit compared the first ADS class with the arXiv primary category for 500 multi-classified papers fromthrough 2025. Agreement was 500/500, or 1.000 (Wilson 95% interval 0.992-1.000). This supports the ordering convention for the sampled records; it does"],"authors":[{"full_name":"Kormendy, J."},{"full_name":"Knapp, G.R."}]},"raw_refs":[{"schema":"text","source":"arXiv","value":"[45] Tremaine, S. A historical perspective on dark matter. In Dark Matter in the Universe (eds. Kormendy, J. & Knapp, G. R.), International Astronomical Union Symposium 117, 547–549 (D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 1987). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0074180900150818. Supplementary information S1 Analysis scope The analysis uses a frozen NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) archive queried with full:\"dark matter\", indexed May 21, 2026, and restricted to publication years through 2025. The corpus contains 201,627 unique records, including 143,390 with arXiv classifications. A machine-readable manifest records the query, cutoff, exclusions, row counts, software versions, random seed 20250801, and SHA-256 hashes of the retained inputs. Records dated after 2025 are excluded before every aggregation. Candidate extraction additionally requires abstract text and excludes records whose document type is abstract, thesis, proposal, technical report, press release, editorial, notice, dataset, software, or another excluded type specified in the manifest. Articles, eprints, proceedings papers, book chapters, books, and records without a document-type label remain eligible; the released document-flow table reports every type and count. S2 Classification robustness The main analysis assigns each paper to its first listed ADS arXiv class. Two alternatives test the dependence of the broad-field result on that convention: any-class membership counts a paper in every represented field, whereas fractional assignment distributes weight 1/𝑘 across its 𝑘 listed classes. Aggregated astrophysics remains larger than aggregated high-energy physics under all three rules, although the estimated shares vary (Fig. S1). Between 16.8% and 20.2% of classified papers each year from 2010 through 2025 belong to both fields under any-class membership. A fixed-seed, year-stratified audit compared the first ADS class with the arXiv primary category for 500 multi-classified papers from 2010 through 2025. Agreement was 500/500, or 1.000 (Wilson 95% interval 0.992–1.000). 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disciplinary location of dark-matter research.} (\\textbf{A}) Annual shares of classified papers under primary assignments, aggregated into broad fields; astrophysics remains larger than high-energy physics through 2025. (\\textbf{B}) Annual paper counts on a square-root vertical scale for the seven primary arXiv classes with the largest cumulative counts in 2010--2025; \\textit{hep-ph} first exceeds the single class \\textit{astro-ph.CO} in 2015, while the class ordering varies thereafter. The strip beneath panel B identifies the leading displayed class each year and its share of papers across those seven classes. Publication volume, alternative assignment rules, and cross-listing are reported in Fig.~S1.","source":"arxiv","label":"fig1","key":"8d31b5f345b7ef23f55548dba471f9cf","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/8d31b5f345b7ef23f55548dba471f9cf"},{"filename":"1_log_ratio.png","material":"preprint","caption":"\\textbf{Candidate prominence differs between astrophysics and high-energy physics.} Each cell shows the base-2 logarithm of a candidate family's share of tracked mentions in high-energy physics divided by its share in astrophysics for that year. Positive values indicate greater relative prominence in high-energy physics, negative values greater relative prominence in astrophysics, and zero parity. Candidate-years with fewer than 20 total mentions across the two fields are left blank. The threshold affects display only, not the underlying estimates or candidate-composition summaries. Ratios compare relative shares rather than raw publication volumes, and mentions include comparisons and exclusions rather than endorsements.","source":"arxiv","label":"fig2","key":"48513ad6cf440dda5380b83a0b451449","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/48513ad6cf440dda5380b83a0b451449"},{"filename":"2_norm.png","material":"preprint","caption":"\\textbf{Candidate composition follows different field-specific trajectories.} Annual paper--candidate-family mentions are normalized within astrophysics and high-energy physics. A paper can mention more than one family, and mentions do not imply endorsement. Raw counts, equal-paper weighting, and formal divergence summaries are reported in the supplementary information.","source":"arxiv","label":"fig3","key":"ac99418635a0f839c2077bd6583caa22","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/ac99418635a0f839c2077bd6583caa22"},{"filename":"3_graph-01.png","material":"preprint","caption":"\\textbf{The WIMP remains cross-field connective, but its position becomes less singular.} Nodes are normalized concepts identified in abstracts; edges connect concepts mentioned in the same paper and are weighted by their mean co-occurrence prevalence across astrophysics and high-energy physics. Node size encodes normalized weighted betweenness between concepts at least twice as prevalent in one field as in the other. Color encodes relative field prevalence, from high-energy physics (teal) through balanced prevalence (gray) to astrophysics (ochre). The cyan outline identifies the WIMP-related umbrella, which combines generic WIMP, neutralino, LSP, Higgsino, gravitino, and sneutrino mentions. Under this published-umbrella definition, the WIMP-related node ranks first among candidates in 2006--2015 and second, behind Axion + ALP, in 2016--2025; its normalized cross-field betweenness falls from 0.073 to 0.031. The network measures discursive connection, not evidential complementarity.","source":"arxiv","label":"fig4","key":"ed3b63c92987784507409c696ece84a0","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/ed3b63c92987784507409c696ece84a0"},{"filename":"4_fig_table.png","material":"preprint","caption":"\\textbf{Candidate-specific paths to dark-matter closure.} Columns use $I(c)$, $A(c)$, $E(c)$, and $L(c)$ as compact labels for constitutive identification, cosmic attribution, explanatory adequacy, and relational cross-domain identification; the text distinguishes the potentially different evidential referents related by $L(c_I,c_A,c_E)$. Cells summarize what each stipulated result could establish; they are conceptual assessments rather than claims about candidate viability. A WIMP result could potentially connect all four only through convergent evidence. A laboratory axion or ALP signal leaves cosmic attribution and cross-domain identification open; a cosmologically significant PBH population could close the dark-matter problem without a new particle; and modified-gravity success may explain attributed phenomena while removing the need for a dark component.","source":"arxiv","label":"fig5","key":"91bb19305cae9866e4c4a53fb5aa131b","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/91bb19305cae9866e4c4a53fb5aa131b"},{"filename":"5_figS1_classification_sensitivity.png","material":"preprint","caption":"\\textbf{Corpus scale and classification sensitivity.} (\\textbf{A}) Annual publication volume in the frozen ADS corpus. (\\textbf{B}) Annual share of papers linked to both astrophysics and high-energy physics under any-class membership, with a Wilson 95\\% interval. (\\textbf{C}) Broad-field shares under primary, any-class, and fractional assignments. Aggregated astrophysics exceeds aggregated high-energy physics under each rule.","source":"arxiv","label":"figS1","key":"894a4f1a62bbe9c69f6cfb651606d978","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/894a4f1a62bbe9c69f6cfb651606d978"},{"filename":"6_figS2_candidate_raw_counts.png","material":"preprint","caption":"\\textbf{Raw annual paper--candidate-family mentions.} Counts are shown separately for astrophysics and high-energy physics; the panels use separate vertical scales.","source":"arxiv","label":"figS2","key":"8a9b542d83bcadbd295c049c84b177b3","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/8a9b542d83bcadbd295c049c84b177b3"},{"filename":"7_figS3_candidate_distances.png","material":"preprint","caption":"\\textbf{Candidate-composition divergence and supporting sample sizes.} (\\textbf{A}) Annual JSD with 95\\% intervals from 2,000 paper-level bootstrap replicates per field-year; shaded windows mark 1995--2004 and 2016--2025. (\\textbf{B}) Total-variation and cosine-distance summaries. (\\textbf{C}) Candidate-mentioning papers supporting each annual field estimate on a logarithmic scale.","source":"arxiv","label":"figS3","key":"07d83c278cf34a7c73d45fe98d956a59","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/07d83c278cf34a7c73d45fe98d956a59"},{"filename":"8_figS4_lexical_divergence.png","material":"preprint","caption":"\\textbf{Lexical divergence and selected term trajectories.} (\\textbf{A}) Annual vocabulary JSD using all eligible unigrams and after removal of the 16 predefined candidate-name unigrams. (\\textbf{B}) The five strongest data-selected declining and five strongest rising term trajectories in each field after the documented exclusions and minimum-frequency thresholds.","source":"arxiv","label":"figS4","key":"f0bc96727b2b9428469c2a1d7bcad9ed","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/f0bc96727b2b9428469c2a1d7bcad9ed"},{"filename":"9_graph_removal.png","material":"preprint","caption":"\\textbf{The cross-field discourse network becomes less dependent on the WIMP-related node.} Node size encodes the relative loss of cross-field efficiency after removal; color and edge weight follow the cross-field network in main-text Fig.~4. The cyan outline identifies the published WIMP umbrella. Removing this node reduces cross-field efficiency by 41.5\\% in 2006--2015 and 6.2\\% in 2016--2025. Axion + ALP and PBH have larger effects in the later period. Nodes without a calculated removal effect are shown at the minimum size.","source":"arxiv","label":"figS5","key":"270eb9db381f92bd1671b72e55a8f9c0","url":"https://inspirehep.net/files/270eb9db381f92bd1671b72e55a8f9c0"}],"preprint_date":"2026-10-09","author_count":1,"first_author":{"emails":["simon.allzen@philosophy.su.se"],"full_name":"Allzén, Simon","last_name":"Allzén","first_name":"Simon","recid":2718983},"control_number":3214842,"earliest_date":"2026-10-09","document_type":["article"],"texkeys":["Allzen:2026zlm"],"abstracts":[{"source":"arXiv","value":"The scientific discovery of dark matter has been pursued in two very different methodological and epistemic contexts. A microphysical context centered around the laboratory detection of a new particle, and a macrophysical context based on the astronomical identification of a non-luminous gravitating component. The justification for the salience of methodological diversity is that these different methods are complementary ways to discovering aspects of the same entity. The weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) made this expectation scientifically credible by connecting a particle candidate to a cosmological abundance, experimental searches, and explanations of astronomical phenomena. What happens to this connection when the WIMP loses its central position? I analyze 201,627 NASA Astrophysics Data System records to examine the organization of research following the decline of WIMP prominence. Astrophysics and high-energy physics remain jointly dominant, while WIMP-related mentions decline in both fields and successor candidates receive different degrees of attention. Concept networks show that WIMP-related research remains central across the literature, even as cross-field connections become less concentrated around it. These indicators measure research attention; they do not establish what scientists would accept as a discovery. I interpret the findings through a framework distinguishing constitutive identification, cosmic attribution, explanatory adequacy, and the cross-domain identification needed to connect them. A particle, compact-object population, or gravitational theory can resolve different parts of the inherited problem, and a partial or multicomponent discovery can leave other parts open. 'Diverging paths' describes this branching of possible resolutions.","abstract_source_suggest":{"input":"arXiv"}}],"primary_arxiv_category":["physics.soc-ph"],"titles":[{"source":"arXiv","title":"Diverging paths to dark-matter discovery"}],"facet_author_name":["2718983_Simon Allzén"],"core":true,"license":[{"license":"CC BY-NC-ND 4.0","material":"preprint","url":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"}],"_oai":{"sets":["Literature"],"id":"oai:inspirehep.net:3214842","updated":"2026-10-15T08:19:10.448127"},"curated":false,"arxiv_eprints":[{"categories":["physics.soc-ph","physics.hist-ph"],"value":"2610.14137"}]},"links":{"bibtex":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/3214842?format=bibtex","latex-eu":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/3214842?format=latex-eu","latex-us":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/3214842?format=latex-us","json":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/3214842?format=json","json-expanded":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/3214842?format=json-expanded","cv":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/3214842?format=cv","citations":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/?q=refersto%3Arecid%3A3214842"},"id":"3214842"}],"total":1},"links":{"self":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/?q=t%20%22Diverging%20paths%20to%20dark-matter%20discovery%22&size=10&page=1","bibtex":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/?q=t%20%22Diverging%20paths%20to%20dark-matter%20discovery%22&size=10&page=1&format=bibtex","latex-eu":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/?q=t%20%22Diverging%20paths%20to%20dark-matter%20discovery%22&size=10&page=1&format=latex-eu","latex-us":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/?q=t%20%22Diverging%20paths%20to%20dark-matter%20discovery%22&size=10&page=1&format=latex-us","json":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/?q=t%20%22Diverging%20paths%20to%20dark-matter%20discovery%22&size=10&page=1&format=json","json-expanded":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/?q=t%20%22Diverging%20paths%20to%20dark-matter%20discovery%22&size=10&page=1&format=json-expanded","cv":"https://inspirehep.net/api/literature/?q=t%20%22Diverging%20paths%20to%20dark-matter%20discovery%22&size=10&page=1&format=cv"}}