application/xmlProton–hole excitation in the closed shell nucleus 205AuZs. PodolyákG.F. FarrellyP.H. ReganA.B. GarnsworthyS.J. SteerM. GórskaJ. BenlliureE. CasarejosS. PietriJ. GerlH.J. WollersheimR. KumarF. MolinaA. AlgoraN. AlkhomashiG. BenzoniA. BlazhevP. BoutachkovA.M. BruceL. CaceresI.J. CullenA.M. Denis BacelarP. DoornenbalM.E. EstevezY. FujitaW. GelletlyH. GeisselH. GraweJ. GrȩboszR. HoischenI. KojouharovS. LalkovskiZ. LiuK.H. MaierC. MihaiD. MücherB. RubioH. SchaffnerA. TamiiS. TashenovJ.J. Valiente-DobónP.M. WalkerP.J. WoodsPhysics Letters B 672 (2009) 116-119. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2009.01.007journalPhysics Letters BCopyright © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Elsevier B.V.0370-2693672216 February 20092009-02-16116-11911611910.1016/j.physletb.2009.01.007http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2009.01.007doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2009.01.007http://vtw.elsevier.com/data/voc/oa/OpenAccessStatus#Full2014-01-01T00:14:32ZSCOAP3 - Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physicshttp://vtw.elsevier.com/data/voc/oa/SponsorType#FundingBodyhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/JournalsS300.3PLB25537S0370-2693(09)00028-810.1016/j.physletb.2009.01.007Elsevier B.V.ExperimentsFig. 1(Top) Identification plot of the fragments of interest. (Bottom) γ-ray spectrum associated to the β decay of the 205Au ions using a maximum implantation-decay correlation time of 5 s. The labelled peaks, unless stated otherwise, belong to 205Hg [5] and confirm the identification. The peaks labelled in normal letters originate from the previously studied β decay of the 205Au groundstate [4], with the inset showing the corresponding decay curve. The peaks labelled in italic are associated with the β decay of the isomeric state of 205Au observed in the present work. For details see the text.Fig. 2Simulated implantation profile in the 1 mm thick Si detector.Fig. 3Delayed charged particle spectrum associated to 205Au. In addition to the continuous energy of the β decay, two peaks are observed. These are interpreted as K and L internal conversion electron peaks corresponding to a 907(5) keV transition.Fig. 4Calculated and experimental level schemes of 205Au. Calculations have been performed using both the standard set of matrix elements of Ref. [18] (labelled (a)) and a modified set optimised for the description of 204Pt [3] (labelled (b)). For comparison the partial level scheme of 207Tl is also given [1].Proton–hole excitation in the closed shell nucleus 205AuZs.Podolyáka⁎z.podolyak@surrey.ac.ukG.F.FarrellyaP.H.ReganaA.B.GarnsworthyaS.J.SteeraM.GórskabJ.BenlliurecE.CasarejoscS.PietriaJ.GerlbH.J.WollersheimbR.KumardF.MolinaeA.AlgoraefN.AlkhomashiaG.BenzonigA.BlazhevhP.BoutachkovbA.M.BruceiL.CaceresbjI.J.CullenaA.M.Denis BacelariP.DoornenbalbM.E.EstevezcY.FujitakW.GelletlyaH.GeisselbH.GrawebJ.GrȩboszblR.HoischenmbI.KojouharovbS.LalkovskiiZ.LiuaK.H.MaiernlC.MihaioD.MücherhB.RubioeH.SchaffnerbA.TamiikS.TashenovbJ.J.Valiente-DobónpP.M.WalkeraP.J.WoodsqaDepartment of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UKbGSI, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, GermanycUniversidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15706, Santiago de Compostela, SpaindInter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi, IndiaeInstituto de Fisica Corpuscular, Universidad de Valencia, E-46071, SpainfInstitute for Nuclear Research, H-4001 Debrecen, HungarygINFN, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, ItalyhIKP, Universität zu Köln, D-50937 Köln, GermanyiSchool of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UKjDepartamento de Fisica Teórica, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, SpainkDepartment of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, JapanlThe Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, PL-31-342 Kraków, PolandmDepartment of Physics, Lund University, S-22100 Lund, SwedennDepartment of Physics, University of West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UKo“Horea Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, RO-077125 Bucharest, RomaniapINFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, ItalyqDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, UK⁎Corresponding author.Editor: V. MetagAbstractThe neutron-rich N=126 nucleus 205Au has been populated following the relativistic energy projectile fragmentation of E/A=1 GeV208Pb, and studied via charged-particle decay spectroscopy. An internal decay with a transition energy of 907(5) keV and a half-life of T1/2=6(2) s has been identified through the observation of the corresponding K and L internal conversion electron lines. The 907 keV energy level corresponds to the πh11/2−1 proton–hole state and decays both internally into the πd3/2−1 ground-state and via β decay into 205Hg. The obtained data provides information on the evolution of single-proton hole energies which are vital inputs of shell model descriptions for nuclei around the 20882Pb126 doubly magic core.PACS25.70.Mn27.80.+wStudies of magic nuclei are of fundamental importance in our understanding of nuclear structure since they allow direct tests of the purity of shell model wave functions. Information on the single-particle energies can be derived from the experimental observables such as energies of the excited states and transition probabilities.The doubly magic 208Pb nucleus, with 82 protons and 126 neutrons, provides the heaviest classic shell model core. Current experimental information on the neutron-rich N=126 nuclei is very scarce. The data on the excited states of proton–hole N=126 isotones is restricted to three nuclei, namely: 20781Tl [1], 20680Hg [2] and 20478Pt [3]. In the case of 20579Au, only a tentative spin-parity of the groundstate is known [4,5]. The experimental information on the structure of these nuclei can be used as building blocks for calculating more complex configurations. More information is available, more robust predictions can be made on the properties of more neutron-rich species. These are of particular importance as the r-process path nuclei, experimentally unreachable in this mass region so far, are approached [6].The lack of information on proton–hole nuclei compared to the 208Pb core arises from difficulties in populating such neutron-rich nuclei. Projectile fragmentation has proved to be an efficient tool to produce exotic nuclear species. When projectile fragmentation is combined with high sensitivity gamma detection arrays, structure information can be gained for otherwise inaccessible nuclei (e.g. 204Pt [3]). The highest sensitivity is achieved with decay spectroscopy. In this technique the delayed gamma rays are correlated with the individually identified ion, therefore minimising the associated background radiation [7–9]. Here we employed a different version of the technique. Conversion electron spectroscopy following relativistic energy fragmentation was performed (according to our knowledge) for the first time.In this Letter results on the N=126 nucleus 205Au are reported. A beryllium target of thickness 2.5 g/cm2 was bombarded with an E/A=1 GeV208Pb beam provided by the SIS accelerator at GSI, Darmstadt, Germany. The nuclei of interest, populated in relativistic energy projectile fragmentation, were separated and identified using the FRagment Separator (FRS) [10] operated in monochromatic mode with a wedge-shaped aluminium degrader in the intermediate focal plane of the separator. Niobium foils were placed after both the target and the degrader in order to maximise the electron stripping.The mass-to-charge ratio of the ions, A/q, was determined from their time of flight and magnetic rigidity measurements in the second part of the FRS. The measured change of the magnetic rigidity of ions before and after they passed through this degrader was used to obtain unambiguous charge identification. The energy deposition of the identified fragments, which gives information on Z, was measured as they passed through two gas ionisation chambers. By determining A/q, the charge state and Z, an unambiguous event-by-event identification has been obtained. The transmitted (and identified) ions were slowed down in a variable thickness aluminium degrader and finally stopped in an active catcher.The catcher consisted of three 1 mm thick 5×5 cm2 double sided silicon strip detectors. Each Si had 16 X-strips and 16 Y-strips. The catcher allowed for the detection of both the implanted ion and the subsequent charged particle decay. A charged-particle decay observed in a given pixel was correlated with the previous implant detected in the very same pixel. Due to the large number of pixels, correlation between the implanted ion and the subsequent charged particle decay could be obtained over periods longer than seconds. Semilogarithmic preamplifiers were used, providing linear amplification up to 10 MeV and logarithmic for the 10 MeV–3 GeV range. The linear part allowed for the spectroscopy of the charged particle decay and was calibrated using an open internal conversion electron 207Bi source, yielding an energy resolution of FWHM=20 keV and a minimum detection threshold of 150 keV [11]. The logarithmic part allowed for the determination of the implantation position and was calibrated with a pulser. For details on the Si catcher and its electronics see Ref. [11]. Scintillation detectors were placed both in front of and behind the catcher, allowing the offline suppression of the majority of fragments destroyed in the slowing down process.The catcher was surrounded by the high-efficiency, high granularity RISING γ-ray spectrometer in the “Stopped Beam” configuration [12]. The array consists of 15 former Euroball cluster Ge detectors and has a full peak efficiency of 15% at 662 keV [12]. Time-correlated γ decays following both internal-decay and β-decay have been recorded. The experiment was monitored using the Cracow analysis software [13].A dedicated fragment separator setting was used to study the neutron-rich 205Au nucleus. After the production target the magnetic rigidity of the fully stripped 205Au nuclei is close to those of the intense He-like primary 208Pb beam. In order to avoid this contamination, the first half of the fragment separator was set to transmit the H-like 205Au ions. Although only an estimated 6.5% of the ions of interest were in their H-like charged state [14], the high production cross section in the order of 10−2 mbarn [15] ensures sufficient statistics for the current measurement. In the second part of the fragment separator, after the monochromatic degrader, 205Au was transmitted in its fully stripped charged state. This setting provided a beam consisting predominantly (∼55%) of 205Au nuclei, as shown in Fig. 1.The primary 208Pb beam intensity was 7×108 ion/spill, with the spill consisting of 1 s beam-on period followed by 10 s beam-off. The average implantation yield was ∼30 205Au ion/spill, corresponding to a total of 76×103 collected ions. The observation of the previously identified γ-ray transitions in 205Hg in coincidence with the β-decay of the ground-state 205Au [4] confirmed the identification (see Fig. 1).The use of the fragment separator in monochromatic mode allowed for the implantation of 205Au in a thin layer of Si, maximising the efficiency of the charged particle detection. Fig. 2 shows the simulated range distribution within the 1 mm thick silicon detector. According to these simulations, performed with the LISE code [16], 70% of the implanted ions were 205Au. The delayed charged particle spectrum measured in the Si detector and correlated to the implanted 205Au ions is presented in Fig. 3. In addition to the continuous energy spectrum of the β electron from the 205Au decay, two discrete peaks can be observed. These are interpreted as the K and L internal conversion electrons associated to a γ-ray transition with an energy of 907(5) keV. (Note that the L line contains contribution from the weak and unresolved M,N,… lines.) The energy difference between the K and L lines, as well as the intensity ratio of the two peaks supports this interpretation. The measured lifetime of the decay is T1/2=6(2) s. This lifetime suggests a transition with M4 or E4 character (considering a transition strength between 10−4 and 10+3 W.u.).The γ-ray spectrum associated to the β decay of 205Au is shown in Fig. 1. When compared with that of the previous study of Ch. Wennemann et al. [4], one notices that the spectrum contains two additional transitions with energies of 967 and 1016 keV. These γ lines are clearly visible when a maximum implantation-decay correlation time in the order of seconds is used (5 s in Fig. 1), and they disappear in the background if a much longer maximum correlation time is chosen. These γ lines were previously identified in 205Hg (but not from β decay) and they deexcite states with spin-parities 7/2− and 9/2−, respectively [5]. These spins are high when compared to that of the 3/2+ groundstate of 205Au, therefore it is unlikely that these γ-ray transitions originate from the β decay of the 205Au groundstate. The lifetimes associated to these two γ-ray transitions are consistent with the 6 s half-life of the conversion electron, and in the case of the stronger 967 keV transition inconsistent with the much longer lifetime of the groundstate β decay. All these experimental findings suggest the identification of an isomeric state in 205Au, and that this state decays both internally and via β decay. The branching ratio between these decays cannot be determined due to poor knowledge of the full peak conversion electron detection efficiency.The proton–hole orbitals below the Z=82 closed proton shell are s1/2, d3/2, h11/2, d5/2 and g7/2. The experimental level scheme of the Z=81, N=126 single-hole 207Tl nucleus gives a clear graphical demonstration of this, as shown in Fig. 4. 205Au is a three proton–hole nucleus, with an expected groundstate configuration of πd3/2−1 (with the s1/2 being empty) and spin-parity Iπ=3/2+. The πh11/2 excited state should be long lived since it can decay only through high multipolarity transitions, similarly like in 207Tl. Accordingly, the transition observed in the present experiment should originate from the decay of the 11/2− isomeric state. The experimentally identified 907(5) keV transition corresponds to the 11/2−→3/2+ transition of M4 character and a theoretical internal conversion coefficient [21] of α=0.18. The relatively high electron conversion coefficient together with the high energy of the transition, a rare combination, made possible the identification of this transition with the present method.In order to obtain a quantitative understanding of the underlying single-particle structure of the excited states of 205Au, shell-model calculations have been performed employing the OXBASH code [17]. The standard interaction two-body matrix elements (TBMEs) were used as taken from Ref. [18]. They are based on the Kuo–Brown interaction including core polarisation [19,20], with slight modifications introduced to obtain an improved description of the experimental data available at the time. The proton–hole energies were taken from the experimental level scheme of 207Tl [1]. This parameterisation gives a good description of the reported excited states in the two proton–hole 206Hg [2] and reasonable description for the four proton–hole nucleus 204Pt [3]. In order to get a good description for all available information on the N=126 isotones below lead, both on excitation energies and transition strengths, small modifications of the standard TBMEs were required [3]. Calculations with these modified matrix elements were also performed. The results of the calculations for 205Au, using both sets of TBMEs, are compared with the experimental level schemes in Fig. 4. The dominant configurations are also indicated.The measured energy of the isomeric state with the proposed 11/2− spin-parity is in good agreement with the shell model calculations. The calculations also predict a 5/2+ state to lie below the 11/2− isomer, therefore the isomer could decay into it via an E3 transition. The Weisskopf estimate for the partial lifetime of this transition is in the order of 0.1 s. This transition, even if it exists, could not be observed in the present experiment: the energy of the corresponding conversion electron is low and could not be discerned from the background; the γ branch could have not been correlated with the 205Au ions due to the long lifetime of the isomer. As a consequence, the M4/E3 branching ratio could not be ascertained in the current work. Since the 11/2− isomeric state β decays and possibly decays internally through an E3 branch, only an upper limit for the B(M4) transition strength was determined, B(M4)⩽1.7(7) W.u. This limit is somewhat lower than that of the equivalent M4 transition strength, 3.2(3) W.u. [1], in 207Tl, and similar to those determined in lighter gold isotopes: 2.4(8) W.u. in 197Au [22] and 2.2(3) W.u. in 195Au [23]. This suggests that the E3 branching might be missing altogether, possible because the 5/2+ state lies above the 11/2− isomer.In conclusion, an excited state in the neutron-rich N=126205Au nucleus has been identified through conversion electron spectroscopy. It has an excitation energy of 907(5) keV and a half-life of T1/2=6(2) s. It corresponds to the πh11/2−1 single proton–hole excitation and decays both internally into the πd3/2−1 ground-state and via β decay into excited states of 205Hg. The energy of the isomeric state is in good agreement with the shell-model calculations.AcknowledgementsThe excellent work of the GSI accelerator staff is acknowledged. This work is supported by the EPSRC (UK), STFC (UK), the EU Access to Large Scale Facilities Programme (EURONS, EU contract 506065), The Spanish Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia and The German BMBF.References[1]D.EccleshallM.J.L.YatesPhys. Lett.191965301M.J.MartinNucl. Data Sheets701993315[2]B.FornalPhys. Rev. 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