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Signal shape studies and rate dependence of HFO-based gas mixtures in RPC detectors

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Feb 4, 2025
6 pages
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Abstract: (arXiv)
The RPCs employed at the LHC experiments are currently operated in avalanche mode, with a mixture containing a large fraction of C2_{2}H2_{2}F4_{4} (≈\approx90% or more) with the addition of i-C4_{4}H10_{10} and SF6_{6} in different concentrations. However, C2_{2}H2_{2}F4_{4} and SF6_{6} are fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) with Global Warming Potential (GWP) of ≈\approx1400 and ≈\approx22800, respectively. EU regulations imposed a progressive phase-down of C2_{2}H2_{2}F4_{4} production and consumption, aiming at strongly reducing its emission. This is already resulting in an increase of its price and reduction in availability. The most desirable long-term solution to this problem is to find an alternative, F-gases-free gas mixture, able to maintain similar detector performance. To address this challenge, the RPC ECOGasas@GIF++ collaboration (including RPC experts of ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, SHiP/LHCb, and the CERN EP-DT group) was created in 2019. The collaboration is currently studying a gas from the olefine family, the C3_{3}H2_{2}F4_{4} (or simply HFO, with GWP ≈\approx6), to be used, in combination with CO2_{2}, as a substitute for C2_{2}H2_{2}F4_{4}. This contribution will focus on the signal shape studies that have been carried out by the collaboration during dedicated beam test periods. The methodology used in the data analysis will be presented, together with the results obtained with several HFO-based gas mixtures, and with the currently employed one. Furthermore, results on the counting-rate dependence of the RPC performance, obtained by combining the muon beam with the GIF++ 137^{137}Cs source with different attenuation factors, will also be presented.